Merge branch 'lock' into thread

Conflicts:
	.gitignore
	Makefile
	conf/lab.mk

38 files changed, 2552 insertions, 82 deletions

diff --git a/kernel/bio.c b/kernel/bio.c
index 60d91a6..a1f4474 100644
--- a/kernel/bio.c
+++ b/kernel/bio.c
@@ -23,16 +23,26 @@
 #include "fs.h"
 #include "buf.h"
 
-struct {
-  struct spinlock lock;
-  struct buf buf[NBUF];
+#define N_BUCKETS 13
 
+struct bucket {
+  struct spinlock lock;
   // Linked list of all buffers, through prev/next.
   // Sorted by how recently the buffer was used.
   // head.next is most recent, head.prev is least.
+  // struct buf head;
   struct buf head;
+};
+struct {
+  struct spinlock lock;
+  struct buf buf[NBUF];
+  struct bucket buckets[N_BUCKETS];
 } bcache;
 
+static inline uint hash(uint blockno) {
+  return blockno % N_BUCKETS;
+}
+
 void
 binit(void)
 {
@@ -40,15 +50,24 @@ binit(void)
 
   initlock(&bcache.lock, "bcache");
 
+  // init each bucket
+  for (int i = 0; i < N_BUCKETS; i++) {
+    static char lock_name[16];
+    snprintf(lock_name, sizeof(lock_name), "bio.bucket.%d", i);
+    initlock(&bcache.buckets[i].lock, lock_name);
+    bcache.buckets[i].head.prev = &bcache.buckets[i].head;
+    bcache.buckets[i].head.next = &bcache.buckets[i].head;
+  }
+
   // Create linked list of buffers
-  bcache.head.prev = &bcache.head;
-  bcache.head.next = &bcache.head;
+  // since for now, blockno is all zero, 
+  // they are all linked to bucket 0 
   for(b = bcache.buf; b < bcache.buf+NBUF; b++){
-    b->next = bcache.head.next;
-    b->prev = &bcache.head;
+    b->next = bcache.buckets[0].head.next;
+    b->prev = &bcache.buckets[0].head;
     initsleeplock(&b->lock, "buffer");
-    bcache.head.next->prev = b;
-    bcache.head.next = b;
+    bcache.buckets[0].head.next->prev = b;
+    bcache.buckets[0].head.next = b;
   }
 }
 
@@ -59,32 +78,92 @@ static struct buf*
 bget(uint dev, uint blockno)
 {
   struct buf *b;
+  uint bucket_index = hash(blockno);
 
-  acquire(&bcache.lock);
+  acquire(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
 
   // Is the block already cached?
-  for(b = bcache.head.next; b != &bcache.head; b = b->next){
+  for(b = bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.next; b != &bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head; b = b->next){
     if(b->dev == dev && b->blockno == blockno){
       b->refcnt++;
-      release(&bcache.lock);
+      release(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
       acquiresleep(&b->lock);
       return b;
     }
   }
 
   // Not cached.
-  // Recycle the least recently used (LRU) unused buffer.
-  for(b = bcache.head.prev; b != &bcache.head; b = b->prev){
+  // Recycle the least recently used (LRU) unused buffer
+  // of its own list first.
+  struct buf *unused = (struct buf *)0;
+  for(b = bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.prev; b != &bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head; b = b->prev){
     if(b->refcnt == 0) {
-      b->dev = dev;
-      b->blockno = blockno;
-      b->valid = 0;
-      b->refcnt = 1;
-      release(&bcache.lock);
-      acquiresleep(&b->lock);
-      return b;
+      if (!unused || unused->ticks > b->ticks) {
+        unused = b;
+      }
     }
   }
+  if (unused) {
+    unused->dev = dev;
+    unused->blockno = blockno;
+    unused->valid = 0;
+    unused->refcnt = 1;
+    unused->ticks = ticks;
+    release(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
+    acquiresleep(&unused->lock);
+    return unused;
+  }
+  // Sadly still no usable buf,
+  // Steal the least recently used (LRU) unused buffer in others list
+  // and move to our hash bucket.
+  // To avoid deadlocks, scan with order bucket 0 -> N_BUCKETS.
+  
+  // release bigger bucket_index lock to acquire other locks later
+  release(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < N_BUCKETS; i++) {
+    if (i == bucket_index) {
+      acquire(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
+    } else {
+      acquire(&bcache.buckets[i].lock);
+      for(b = bcache.buckets[i].head.prev; b != &bcache.buckets[i].head; b = b->prev){
+        if(b->refcnt == 0) {
+          if (!unused || unused->ticks > b->ticks) {
+            unused = b;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (unused) {
+        if (i < bucket_index) {
+          acquire(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
+        }
+        break;
+      } else {
+        release(&bcache.buckets[i].lock);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (unused) {
+    // remove from old bucket
+    unused->prev->next = unused->next;
+    unused->next->prev = unused->prev;
+    release(&bcache.buckets[i].lock);
+
+    unused->dev = dev;
+    unused->blockno = blockno;
+    unused->valid = 0;
+    unused->refcnt = 1;
+    unused->ticks = ticks;
+    // add to our hash bucket, after head
+    unused->next = bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.next;
+    unused->prev = &bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head;
+    bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.next->prev = unused;
+    bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.next = unused;
+    release(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
+
+    acquiresleep(&unused->lock);
+    return unused;
+  }
   panic("bget: no buffers");
 }
 
@@ -121,33 +200,38 @@ brelse(struct buf *b)
 
   releasesleep(&b->lock);
 
-  acquire(&bcache.lock);
+  uint bucket_index = hash(b->blockno);
+  acquire(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
+
   b->refcnt--;
   if (b->refcnt == 0) {
-    // no one is waiting for it.
+    // no one is waiting for it, move it to MRU
     b->next->prev = b->prev;
     b->prev->next = b->next;
-    b->next = bcache.head.next;
-    b->prev = &bcache.head;
-    bcache.head.next->prev = b;
-    bcache.head.next = b;
+    b->next = bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.next;
+    b->prev = &bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head;
+    bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.next->prev = b;
+    bcache.buckets[bucket_index].head.next = b;
+    b->ticks = ticks;
   }
   
-  release(&bcache.lock);
+  release(&bcache.buckets[bucket_index].lock);
 }
 
 void
 bpin(struct buf *b) {
-  acquire(&bcache.lock);
+  uint id = hash(b->blockno);
+  acquire(&bcache.buckets[id].lock);
   b->refcnt++;
-  release(&bcache.lock);
+  release(&bcache.buckets[id].lock);
 }
 
 void
 bunpin(struct buf *b) {
-  acquire(&bcache.lock);
+  uint id = hash(b->blockno);
+  acquire(&bcache.buckets[id].lock);
   b->refcnt--;
-  release(&bcache.lock);
+  release(&bcache.buckets[id].lock);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/kernel/buf.h b/kernel/buf.h
index 4616e9e..bbef407 100644
--- a/kernel/buf.h
+++ b/kernel/buf.h
@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@ struct buf {
   struct buf *prev; // LRU cache list
   struct buf *next;
   uchar data[BSIZE];
+  uint ticks;  // derived from global variable ticks (trap.c), record ticks when last modified
 };
 
diff --git a/kernel/cow.c b/kernel/cow.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3634fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/cow.c
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// COW pagefault handler
+#include "types.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+
+int
+cow_handler(pagetable_t pagetable, uint64 va)
+{
+  // you can't really write to rediculous pointers
+  if(va >= MAXVA || PGROUNDDOWN(va) == 0)
+    return -1;
+  pte_t *pte = walk(pagetable, va, 0);
+  if(pte == 0 || (*pte & PTE_V) == 0 || (*pte & PTE_U) == 0)
+    return -1;
+  if(*pte & PTE_C){
+    uint64 pa_orig = PTE2PA(*pte);
+    uint64 pa_new = (uint64)kalloc();
+    if(pa_new == 0){
+      printf("cow pagefault: kalloc failed\n");
+      return -1;
+    }
+    // copy the page and add write permission
+    memmove((void*)pa_new, (void*)pa_orig, PGSIZE);
+    uint64 flags = (PTE_FLAGS(*pte) | PTE_W) & ~PTE_C;
+    *pte = PA2PTE(pa_new) | flags;
+    kfree((void*)pa_orig);
+  } else if ((*pte & PTE_W) == 0)
+    return -1;
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/defs.h b/kernel/defs.h
index a3c962b..541c97e 100644
--- a/kernel/defs.h
+++ b/kernel/defs.h
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef LAB_MMAP
+typedef unsigned long size_t;
+typedef long int off_t;
+#endif
 struct buf;
 struct context;
 struct file;
@@ -8,6 +12,11 @@ struct spinlock;
 struct sleeplock;
 struct stat;
 struct superblock;
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+struct mbuf;
+struct sock;
+#endif
+struct sysinfo;
 
 // bio.c
 void            binit(void);
@@ -22,6 +31,9 @@ void            consoleinit(void);
 void            consoleintr(int);
 void            consputc(int);
 
+// cow.c
+int             cow_handler(pagetable_t, uint64);
+
 // exec.c
 int             exec(char*, char**);
 
@@ -60,9 +72,12 @@ void            ramdiskintr(void);
 void            ramdiskrw(struct buf*);
 
 // kalloc.c
+int             refcnt_inc(uint64);
+int             refcnt_dec(uint64);
 void*           kalloc(void);
 void            kfree(void *);
 void            kinit(void);
+int             get_freemem(void);
 
 // log.c
 void            initlog(int, struct superblock*);
@@ -80,6 +95,7 @@ int             pipewrite(struct pipe*, uint64, int);
 void            printf(char*, ...);
 void            panic(char*) __attribute__((noreturn));
 void            printfinit(void);
+void            backtrace(void);
 
 // proc.c
 int             cpuid(void);
@@ -106,6 +122,8 @@ void            yield(void);
 int             either_copyout(int user_dst, uint64 dst, void *src, uint64 len);
 int             either_copyin(void *dst, int user_src, uint64 src, uint64 len);
 void            procdump(void);
+int             get_nproc(void);
+int             pgaccess(uint64 base, int len, uint64 mask);
 
 // swtch.S
 void            swtch(struct context*, struct context*);
@@ -117,6 +135,10 @@ void            initlock(struct spinlock*, char*);
 void            release(struct spinlock*);
 void            push_off(void);
 void            pop_off(void);
+int             atomic_read4(int *addr);
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+void            freelock(struct spinlock*);
+#endif
 
 // sleeplock.c
 void            acquiresleep(struct sleeplock*);
@@ -141,6 +163,9 @@ int             fetchstr(uint64, char*, int);
 int             fetchaddr(uint64, uint64*);
 void            syscall();
 
+// sysinfo.c
+int             sys_info(uint64);
+
 // trap.c
 extern uint     ticks;
 void            trapinit(void);
@@ -173,6 +198,7 @@ uint64          walkaddr(pagetable_t, uint64);
 int             copyout(pagetable_t, uint64, char *, uint64);
 int             copyin(pagetable_t, char *, uint64, uint64);
 int             copyinstr(pagetable_t, char *, uint64, uint64);
+void            vmprint(pagetable_t);
 
 // plic.c
 void            plicinit(void);
@@ -187,3 +213,44 @@ void            virtio_disk_intr(void);
 
 // number of elements in fixed-size array
 #define NELEM(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof((x)[0]))
+
+
+
+#ifdef LAB_PGTBL
+// vmcopyin.c
+int             copyin_new(pagetable_t, char *, uint64, uint64);
+int             copyinstr_new(pagetable_t, char *, uint64, uint64);
+#endif
+
+// stats.c
+void            statsinit(void);
+void            statsinc(void);
+
+// sprintf.c
+int             snprintf(char*, int, char*, ...);
+
+#ifdef KCSAN
+void            kcsaninit();
+#endif
+
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+// pci.c
+void            pci_init();
+
+// e1000.c
+void            e1000_init(uint32 *);
+void            e1000_intr(void);
+int             e1000_transmit(struct mbuf*);
+
+// net.c
+void            net_rx(struct mbuf*);
+void            net_tx_udp(struct mbuf*, uint32, uint16, uint16);
+
+// sysnet.c
+void            sockinit(void);
+int             sockalloc(struct file **, uint32, uint16, uint16);
+void            sockclose(struct sock *);
+int             sockread(struct sock *, uint64, int);
+int             sockwrite(struct sock *, uint64, int);
+void            sockrecvudp(struct mbuf*, uint32, uint16, uint16);
+#endif
diff --git a/kernel/e1000.c b/kernel/e1000.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9ba9e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/e1000.c
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+#include "types.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "memlayout.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "proc.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+#include "e1000_dev.h"
+#include "net.h"
+
+#define TX_RING_SIZE 16
+static struct tx_desc tx_ring[TX_RING_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(16)));
+static struct mbuf *tx_mbufs[TX_RING_SIZE];
+
+#define RX_RING_SIZE 16
+static struct rx_desc rx_ring[RX_RING_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(16)));
+static struct mbuf *rx_mbufs[RX_RING_SIZE];
+
+// remember where the e1000's registers live.
+static volatile uint32 *regs;
+
+struct spinlock e1000_lock;
+
+// called by pci_init().
+// xregs is the memory address at which the
+// e1000's registers are mapped.
+void
+e1000_init(uint32 *xregs)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  initlock(&e1000_lock, "e1000");
+
+  regs = xregs;
+
+  // Reset the device
+  regs[E1000_IMS] = 0; // disable interrupts
+  regs[E1000_CTL] |= E1000_CTL_RST;
+  regs[E1000_IMS] = 0; // redisable interrupts
+  __sync_synchronize();
+
+  // [E1000 14.5] Transmit initialization
+  memset(tx_ring, 0, sizeof(tx_ring));
+  for (i = 0; i < TX_RING_SIZE; i++) {
+    tx_ring[i].status = E1000_TXD_STAT_DD;
+    tx_mbufs[i] = 0;
+  }
+  regs[E1000_TDBAL] = (uint64) tx_ring;
+  if(sizeof(tx_ring) % 128 != 0)
+    panic("e1000");
+  regs[E1000_TDLEN] = sizeof(tx_ring);
+  regs[E1000_TDH] = regs[E1000_TDT] = 0;
+  
+  // [E1000 14.4] Receive initialization
+  memset(rx_ring, 0, sizeof(rx_ring));
+  for (i = 0; i < RX_RING_SIZE; i++) {
+    rx_mbufs[i] = mbufalloc(0);
+    if (!rx_mbufs[i])
+      panic("e1000");
+    rx_ring[i].addr = (uint64) rx_mbufs[i]->head;
+  }
+  regs[E1000_RDBAL] = (uint64) rx_ring;
+  if(sizeof(rx_ring) % 128 != 0)
+    panic("e1000");
+  regs[E1000_RDH] = 0;
+  regs[E1000_RDT] = RX_RING_SIZE - 1;
+  regs[E1000_RDLEN] = sizeof(rx_ring);
+
+  // filter by qemu's MAC address, 52:54:00:12:34:56
+  regs[E1000_RA] = 0x12005452;
+  regs[E1000_RA+1] = 0x5634 | (1<<31);
+  // multicast table
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4096/32; i++)
+    regs[E1000_MTA + i] = 0;
+
+  // transmitter control bits.
+  regs[E1000_TCTL] = E1000_TCTL_EN |  // enable
+    E1000_TCTL_PSP |                  // pad short packets
+    (0x10 << E1000_TCTL_CT_SHIFT) |   // collision stuff
+    (0x40 << E1000_TCTL_COLD_SHIFT);
+  regs[E1000_TIPG] = 10 | (8<<10) | (6<<20); // inter-pkt gap
+
+  // receiver control bits.
+  regs[E1000_RCTL] = E1000_RCTL_EN | // enable receiver
+    E1000_RCTL_BAM |                 // enable broadcast
+    E1000_RCTL_SZ_2048 |             // 2048-byte rx buffers
+    E1000_RCTL_SECRC;                // strip CRC
+  
+  // ask e1000 for receive interrupts.
+  regs[E1000_RDTR] = 0; // interrupt after every received packet (no timer)
+  regs[E1000_RADV] = 0; // interrupt after every packet (no timer)
+  regs[E1000_IMS] = (1 << 7); // RXDW -- Receiver Descriptor Write Back
+}
+
+int
+e1000_transmit(struct mbuf *m)
+{
+  // the mbuf contains an ethernet frame; program it into
+  // the TX descriptor ring so that the e1000 sends it. Stash
+  // a pointer so that it can be freed after sending.
+  acquire(&e1000_lock);
+
+  int cur_idx = regs[E1000_TDT];
+  
+  // check if the STAT_DD bit is set in current descriptor
+  // if not set, means a previous tx in this descripter is still in flight, return an error.
+  if(!(tx_ring[cur_idx].status | E1000_TXD_STAT_DD)){
+    release(&e1000_lock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // free previous mbuf and update current descriptor
+  if(tx_mbufs[cur_idx])
+    mbuffree(tx_mbufs[cur_idx]);
+  tx_ring[cur_idx].addr = (uint64)m->head;
+  tx_ring[cur_idx].length = (uint64)m->len;
+  tx_ring[cur_idx].cmd = E1000_TXD_CMD_RS | E1000_TXD_CMD_EOP;
+  // also clear status bits
+  tx_ring[cur_idx].status = 0;
+
+  // stash current mbuf to tx_mbufs (would be freed later)
+  tx_mbufs[cur_idx] = m;
+
+  // update the ring position to point to the next descriptor;
+  regs[E1000_TDT] = (cur_idx + 1) % TX_RING_SIZE;
+
+  release(&e1000_lock);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+e1000_recv(void)
+{
+  // Check for packets that have arrived from the e1000
+  // Create and deliver an mbuf for each packet (using net_rx()).
+  while(1){
+    acquire(&e1000_lock);
+    int cur_idx = (regs[E1000_RDT]+1) % RX_RING_SIZE;
+
+    // check if last rx is completed. If not, skip passing to net_rx()
+    if(!(rx_ring[cur_idx].status | E1000_RXD_STAT_DD))
+      break;
+
+    // update the mbuf's length to the len reported by rx_desc
+    // mbufput(rx_mbufs[cur_idx], rx_ring[cur_idx].length);
+    rx_mbufs[cur_idx]->len = rx_ring[cur_idx].length;
+
+    // stash mbuf, for later net_rx()
+    struct mbuf *rx_buf = rx_mbufs[cur_idx];
+
+    // net_rx() would free the passed mbuf invisibly, so we need to re-alloc it
+    rx_mbufs[cur_idx] = mbufalloc(0);
+    if(!rx_mbufs[cur_idx])
+      panic("e1000_recv: mbufalloc");
+    
+    // update buffer addr and clear status bits
+    rx_ring[cur_idx].addr = (uint64)rx_mbufs[cur_idx]->head;
+    rx_ring[cur_idx].status = 0;
+
+    // update the E1000_RDT register to point to next position
+    regs[E1000_RDT] = cur_idx;
+    release(&e1000_lock);
+    
+    // pass to the network stack, must not hold the lock coz it can lead to deadlocks under different cpus
+    net_rx(rx_buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void
+e1000_intr(void)
+{
+  // tell the e1000 we've seen this interrupt;
+  // without this the e1000 won't raise any
+  // further interrupts.
+  regs[E1000_ICR] = 0xffffffff;
+
+  e1000_recv();
+}
diff --git a/kernel/e1000_dev.h b/kernel/e1000_dev.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b462df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/e1000_dev.h
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//
+// E1000 hardware definitions: registers and DMA ring format.
+// from the Intel 82540EP/EM &c manual.
+//
+
+/* Registers */
+#define E1000_CTL      (0x00000/4)  /* Device Control Register - RW */
+#define E1000_ICR      (0x000C0/4)  /* Interrupt Cause Read - R */
+#define E1000_IMS      (0x000D0/4)  /* Interrupt Mask Set - RW */
+#define E1000_RCTL     (0x00100/4)  /* RX Control - RW */
+#define E1000_TCTL     (0x00400/4)  /* TX Control - RW */
+#define E1000_TIPG     (0x00410/4)  /* TX Inter-packet gap -RW */
+#define E1000_RDBAL    (0x02800/4)  /* RX Descriptor Base Address Low - RW */
+#define E1000_RDTR     (0x02820/4)  /* RX Delay Timer */
+#define E1000_RADV     (0x0282C/4)  /* RX Interrupt Absolute Delay Timer */
+#define E1000_RDH      (0x02810/4)  /* RX Descriptor Head - RW */
+#define E1000_RDT      (0x02818/4)  /* RX Descriptor Tail - RW */
+#define E1000_RDLEN    (0x02808/4)  /* RX Descriptor Length - RW */
+#define E1000_RSRPD    (0x02C00/4)  /* RX Small Packet Detect Interrupt */
+#define E1000_TDBAL    (0x03800/4)  /* TX Descriptor Base Address Low - RW */
+#define E1000_TDLEN    (0x03808/4)  /* TX Descriptor Length - RW */
+#define E1000_TDH      (0x03810/4)  /* TX Descriptor Head - RW */
+#define E1000_TDT      (0x03818/4)  /* TX Descripotr Tail - RW */
+#define E1000_MTA      (0x05200/4)  /* Multicast Table Array - RW Array */
+#define E1000_RA       (0x05400/4)  /* Receive Address - RW Array */
+
+/* Device Control */
+#define E1000_CTL_SLU     0x00000040    /* set link up */
+#define E1000_CTL_FRCSPD  0x00000800    /* force speed */
+#define E1000_CTL_FRCDPLX 0x00001000    /* force duplex */
+#define E1000_CTL_RST     0x00400000    /* full reset */
+
+/* Transmit Control */
+#define E1000_TCTL_RST    0x00000001    /* software reset */
+#define E1000_TCTL_EN     0x00000002    /* enable tx */
+#define E1000_TCTL_BCE    0x00000004    /* busy check enable */
+#define E1000_TCTL_PSP    0x00000008    /* pad short packets */
+#define E1000_TCTL_CT     0x00000ff0    /* collision threshold */
+#define E1000_TCTL_CT_SHIFT 4
+#define E1000_TCTL_COLD   0x003ff000    /* collision distance */
+#define E1000_TCTL_COLD_SHIFT 12
+#define E1000_TCTL_SWXOFF 0x00400000    /* SW Xoff transmission */
+#define E1000_TCTL_PBE    0x00800000    /* Packet Burst Enable */
+#define E1000_TCTL_RTLC   0x01000000    /* Re-transmit on late collision */
+#define E1000_TCTL_NRTU   0x02000000    /* No Re-transmit on underrun */
+#define E1000_TCTL_MULR   0x10000000    /* Multiple request support */
+
+/* Receive Control */
+#define E1000_RCTL_RST            0x00000001    /* Software reset */
+#define E1000_RCTL_EN             0x00000002    /* enable */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SBP            0x00000004    /* store bad packet */
+#define E1000_RCTL_UPE            0x00000008    /* unicast promiscuous enable */
+#define E1000_RCTL_MPE            0x00000010    /* multicast promiscuous enab */
+#define E1000_RCTL_LPE            0x00000020    /* long packet enable */
+#define E1000_RCTL_LBM_NO         0x00000000    /* no loopback mode */
+#define E1000_RCTL_LBM_MAC        0x00000040    /* MAC loopback mode */
+#define E1000_RCTL_LBM_SLP        0x00000080    /* serial link loopback mode */
+#define E1000_RCTL_LBM_TCVR       0x000000C0    /* tcvr loopback mode */
+#define E1000_RCTL_DTYP_MASK      0x00000C00    /* Descriptor type mask */
+#define E1000_RCTL_DTYP_PS        0x00000400    /* Packet Split descriptor */
+#define E1000_RCTL_RDMTS_HALF     0x00000000    /* rx desc min threshold size */
+#define E1000_RCTL_RDMTS_QUAT     0x00000100    /* rx desc min threshold size */
+#define E1000_RCTL_RDMTS_EIGTH    0x00000200    /* rx desc min threshold size */
+#define E1000_RCTL_MO_SHIFT       12            /* multicast offset shift */
+#define E1000_RCTL_MO_0           0x00000000    /* multicast offset 11:0 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_MO_1           0x00001000    /* multicast offset 12:1 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_MO_2           0x00002000    /* multicast offset 13:2 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_MO_3           0x00003000    /* multicast offset 15:4 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_MDR            0x00004000    /* multicast desc ring 0 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_BAM            0x00008000    /* broadcast enable */
+/* these buffer sizes are valid if E1000_RCTL_BSEX is 0 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SZ_2048        0x00000000    /* rx buffer size 2048 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SZ_1024        0x00010000    /* rx buffer size 1024 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SZ_512         0x00020000    /* rx buffer size 512 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SZ_256         0x00030000    /* rx buffer size 256 */
+/* these buffer sizes are valid if E1000_RCTL_BSEX is 1 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SZ_16384       0x00010000    /* rx buffer size 16384 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SZ_8192        0x00020000    /* rx buffer size 8192 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SZ_4096        0x00030000    /* rx buffer size 4096 */
+#define E1000_RCTL_VFE            0x00040000    /* vlan filter enable */
+#define E1000_RCTL_CFIEN          0x00080000    /* canonical form enable */
+#define E1000_RCTL_CFI            0x00100000    /* canonical form indicator */
+#define E1000_RCTL_DPF            0x00400000    /* discard pause frames */
+#define E1000_RCTL_PMCF           0x00800000    /* pass MAC control frames */
+#define E1000_RCTL_BSEX           0x02000000    /* Buffer size extension */
+#define E1000_RCTL_SECRC          0x04000000    /* Strip Ethernet CRC */
+#define E1000_RCTL_FLXBUF_MASK    0x78000000    /* Flexible buffer size */
+#define E1000_RCTL_FLXBUF_SHIFT   27            /* Flexible buffer shift */
+
+#define DATA_MAX 1518
+
+/* Transmit Descriptor command definitions [E1000 3.3.3.1] */
+#define E1000_TXD_CMD_EOP    0x01 /* End of Packet */
+#define E1000_TXD_CMD_RS     0x08 /* Report Status */
+
+/* Transmit Descriptor status definitions [E1000 3.3.3.2] */
+#define E1000_TXD_STAT_DD    0x00000001 /* Descriptor Done */
+
+// [E1000 3.3.3]
+struct tx_desc
+{
+  uint64 addr;
+  uint16 length;
+  uint8 cso;
+  uint8 cmd;
+  uint8 status;
+  uint8 css;
+  uint16 special;
+};
+
+/* Receive Descriptor bit definitions [E1000 3.2.3.1] */
+#define E1000_RXD_STAT_DD       0x01    /* Descriptor Done */
+#define E1000_RXD_STAT_EOP      0x02    /* End of Packet */
+
+// [E1000 3.2.3]
+struct rx_desc
+{
+  uint64 addr;       /* Address of the descriptor's data buffer */
+  uint16 length;     /* Length of data DMAed into data buffer */
+  uint16 csum;       /* Packet checksum */
+  uint8 status;      /* Descriptor status */
+  uint8 errors;      /* Descriptor Errors */
+  uint16 special;
+};
+
diff --git a/kernel/exec.c b/kernel/exec.c
index e18bbb6..35b35f5 100644
--- a/kernel/exec.c
+++ b/kernel/exec.c
@@ -128,6 +128,10 @@ exec(char *path, char **argv)
   p->trapframe->sp = sp; // initial stack pointer
   proc_freepagetable(oldpagetable, oldsz);
 
+  if(p->pid == 1){
+    vmprint(p->pagetable);
+  }
+
   return argc; // this ends up in a0, the first argument to main(argc, argv)
 
  bad:
diff --git a/kernel/file.c b/kernel/file.c
index 25fa226..0fba21b 100644
--- a/kernel/file.c
+++ b/kernel/file.c
@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ fileclose(struct file *f)
     iput(ff.ip);
     end_op();
   }
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  else if(ff.type == FD_SOCK){
+    sockclose(ff.sock);
+  }
+#endif
 }
 
 // Get metadata about file f.
@@ -122,7 +127,13 @@ fileread(struct file *f, uint64 addr, int n)
     if((r = readi(f->ip, 1, addr, f->off, n)) > 0)
       f->off += r;
     iunlock(f->ip);
-  } else {
+  }
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  else if(f->type == FD_SOCK){
+    r = sockread(f->sock, addr, n);
+  }
+#endif
+  else {
     panic("fileread");
   }
 
@@ -173,7 +184,13 @@ filewrite(struct file *f, uint64 addr, int n)
       i += r;
     }
     ret = (i == n ? n : -1);
-  } else {
+  }
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  else if(f->type == FD_SOCK){
+    ret = sockwrite(f->sock, addr, n);
+  }
+#endif
+  else {
     panic("filewrite");
   }
 
diff --git a/kernel/file.h b/kernel/file.h
index b076d1d..1eb5107 100644
--- a/kernel/file.h
+++ b/kernel/file.h
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 struct file {
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  enum { FD_NONE, FD_PIPE, FD_INODE, FD_DEVICE, FD_SOCK } type;
+#else
   enum { FD_NONE, FD_PIPE, FD_INODE, FD_DEVICE } type;
+#endif
   int ref; // reference count
   char readable;
   char writable;
   struct pipe *pipe; // FD_PIPE
   struct inode *ip;  // FD_INODE and FD_DEVICE
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  struct sock *sock; // FD_SOCK
+#endif
   uint off;          // FD_INODE
   short major;       // FD_DEVICE
 };
@@ -38,3 +45,4 @@ struct devsw {
 extern struct devsw devsw[];
 
 #define CONSOLE 1
+#define STATS   2
diff --git a/kernel/fs.c b/kernel/fs.c
index c6bab15..6c4079e 100644
--- a/kernel/fs.c
+++ b/kernel/fs.c
@@ -295,11 +295,11 @@ ilock(struct inode *ip)
   struct buf *bp;
   struct dinode *dip;
 
-  if(ip == 0 || ip->ref < 1)
+  if(ip == 0 || atomic_read4(&ip->ref) < 1)
     panic("ilock");
 
   acquiresleep(&ip->lock);
-
+  
   if(ip->valid == 0){
     bp = bread(ip->dev, IBLOCK(ip->inum, sb));
     dip = (struct dinode*)bp->data + ip->inum%IPB;
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ ilock(struct inode *ip)
 void
 iunlock(struct inode *ip)
 {
-  if(ip == 0 || !holdingsleep(&ip->lock) || ip->ref < 1)
+  if(ip == 0 || !holdingsleep(&ip->lock) || atomic_read4(&ip->ref) < 1)
     panic("iunlock");
 
   releasesleep(&ip->lock);
@@ -416,7 +416,6 @@ bmap(struct inode *ip, uint bn)
     brelse(bp);
     return addr;
   }
-
   panic("bmap: out of range");
 }
 
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ itrunc(struct inode *ip)
     bfree(ip->dev, ip->addrs[NDIRECT]);
     ip->addrs[NDIRECT] = 0;
   }
-
+  
   ip->size = 0;
   iupdate(ip);
 }
diff --git a/kernel/kalloc.c b/kernel/kalloc.c
index 0699e7e..85cf6b7 100644
--- a/kernel/kalloc.c
+++ b/kernel/kalloc.c
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 #include "riscv.h"
 #include "defs.h"
 
+// NOTE: leave interrupts disabled to avoid deadlocks & race conditions when using this macro!!!
+#define CUR_KMEM (kmem_list[cpuid()])
+
 void freerange(void *pa_start, void *pa_end);
 
 extern char end[]; // first address after kernel.
@@ -18,15 +21,55 @@ struct run {
   struct run *next;
 };
 
-struct {
+struct kmem {
   struct spinlock lock;
   struct run *freelist;
-} kmem;
+};
+
+struct kmem kmem_list[NCPU];
+
+int phypg_refcnt[PHYSTOP/PGSIZE];
+
+struct spinlock refcnt_lock;
+
+// Increase the refcnt
+int
+refcnt_inc(uint64 pa)
+{
+  acquire(&refcnt_lock);
+  int *prefcnt = &phypg_refcnt[pa/PGSIZE];
+  if(pa > PHYSTOP || *prefcnt < 1)
+    panic("increase refcnt");
+  (*prefcnt)++;
+  release(&refcnt_lock);
+  return *prefcnt;
+}
+
+// Decrease the refcnt
+int
+refcnt_dec(uint64 pa)
+{
+  acquire(&refcnt_lock);
+  int *prefcnt = &phypg_refcnt[pa/PGSIZE];
+  if(pa > PHYSTOP || *prefcnt < 1)
+    panic("decrease refcnt");
+  (*prefcnt)--;
+  release(&refcnt_lock);
+  return *prefcnt;
+}
 
 void
 kinit()
 {
-  initlock(&kmem.lock, "kmem");
+  for(int i = 0; i < NCPU; i++){
+    static char lock_name[8];
+    snprintf(lock_name, sizeof(lock_name), "kmem.%d", i);
+    initlock(&kmem_list[i].lock, lock_name);
+  }
+  // init all refcnt to 1, which would later be freed to 0 by kfree()
+  for(uint64 p = PGROUNDUP((uint64)end); p + PGSIZE <= PHYSTOP; p += PGSIZE)
+    phypg_refcnt[p/PGSIZE] = 1;
+  initlock(&refcnt_lock, "refcnt");
   freerange(end, (void*)PHYSTOP);
 }
 
@@ -51,15 +94,24 @@ kfree(void *pa)
   if(((uint64)pa % PGSIZE) != 0 || (char*)pa < end || (uint64)pa >= PHYSTOP)
     panic("kfree");
 
+  refcnt_dec((uint64)pa);
+
+  if(phypg_refcnt[(uint64)pa/PGSIZE] > 0)
+    // We still have refs to this phy page, do not actually free it
+    return;
+
   // Fill with junk to catch dangling refs.
   memset(pa, 1, PGSIZE);
 
   r = (struct run*)pa;
 
-  acquire(&kmem.lock);
-  r->next = kmem.freelist;
-  kmem.freelist = r;
-  release(&kmem.lock);
+  push_off();
+  struct kmem *kmem = &CUR_KMEM;
+  acquire(&kmem->lock);
+  r->next = kmem->freelist;
+  kmem->freelist = r;
+  release(&kmem->lock);
+  pop_off();
 }
 
 // Allocate one 4096-byte page of physical memory.
@@ -70,13 +122,67 @@ kalloc(void)
 {
   struct run *r;
 
-  acquire(&kmem.lock);
-  r = kmem.freelist;
-  if(r)
-    kmem.freelist = r->next;
-  release(&kmem.lock);
+  push_off();
+  struct kmem *kmem = &CUR_KMEM;
+  acquire(&kmem->lock);
+  r = kmem->freelist;
+  if(r){
+    acquire(&refcnt_lock);
+    if(phypg_refcnt[(uint64)r/PGSIZE])
+      panic("kalloc: invalid refcnt");
+    phypg_refcnt[(uint64)r/PGSIZE] = 1;
+    release(&refcnt_lock);
+    kmem->freelist = r->next;
+  }
+
+  // release the origin lock to avoid deadlocks
+  release(&kmem->lock);
+  
+  if(!r){
+    // try to steal mem from other cpu's kmem
+    for(int i = 0; i < NCPU; i++){
+      if(kmem == &kmem_list[i])
+        continue;
+
+      acquire(&kmem_list[i].lock);
+      struct run *f = kmem_list[i].freelist;
+      if(f){
+        r = f;
+        kmem_list[i].freelist = f->next;
+      }
+      if(r){
+        // acquire the refcnt lock to set refcnt
+        // lock is a must to prevent refcnt races 
+        acquire(&refcnt_lock);
+        // release previous lock now
+        release(&kmem_list[i].lock);
+        if(phypg_refcnt[(uint64)r/PGSIZE])
+          panic("kalloc: invalid refcnt");
+        phypg_refcnt[(uint64)r/PGSIZE] = 1;
+        release(&refcnt_lock);
+        break;
+      }
+      release(&kmem_list[i].lock);
+    }
+  }
 
   if(r)
     memset((char*)r, 5, PGSIZE); // fill with junk
+  pop_off();
   return (void*)r;
 }
+
+int
+get_freemem(void)
+{
+  int n;
+  struct run *r;
+
+  for(int i = 0; i < NCPU; i++){
+    acquire(&kmem_list[i].lock);
+    for(n = 0, r = kmem_list[i].freelist; r; r = r->next)
+      n++;
+    release(&kmem_list[i].lock);
+  }
+  return n * PGSIZE;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/kcsan.c b/kernel/kcsan.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90861ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/kcsan.c
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+#include "types.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "memlayout.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "proc.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+
+//
+// Race detector using gcc's thread sanitizer. It delays all stores
+// and loads and monitors if any other CPU is using the same address.
+// If so, we have a race and print out the backtrace of the thread
+// that raced and the thread that set the watchpoint.
+//
+
+//
+// To run with kcsan:
+// make clean
+// make KCSAN=1 qemu
+//
+
+// The number of watch points.
+#define NWATCH (NCPU)
+
+// The number of cycles to delay stores, whatever that means on qemu.
+//#define DELAY_CYCLES 20000
+#define DELAY_CYCLES 200000
+
+#define MAXTRACE 20
+
+int
+trace(uint64 *trace, int maxtrace)
+{
+  uint64 i = 0;
+  
+  push_off();
+  
+  uint64 fp = r_fp();
+  uint64 ra, low = PGROUNDDOWN(fp) + 16, high = PGROUNDUP(fp);
+
+  while(!(fp & 7) && fp >= low && fp < high){
+    ra = *(uint64*)(fp - 8);
+    fp = *(uint64*)(fp - 16);
+    trace[i++] = ra;
+    if(i >= maxtrace)
+      break;
+  }
+
+  pop_off();
+  
+  return i;
+}
+
+struct watch {
+  uint64 addr;
+  int write;
+  int race;
+  uint64 trace[MAXTRACE];
+  int tracesz;
+};
+  
+struct {
+  struct spinlock lock;
+  struct watch points[NWATCH];
+  int on;
+} tsan;
+
+static struct watch*
+wp_lookup(uint64 addr)
+{
+  for(struct watch *w = &tsan.points[0]; w < &tsan.points[NWATCH]; w++) {
+    if(w->addr == addr) {
+      return w;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+wp_install(uint64 addr, int write)
+{
+  for(struct watch *w = &tsan.points[0]; w < &tsan.points[NWATCH]; w++) {
+    if(w->addr == 0) {
+      w->addr = addr;
+      w->write = write;
+      w->tracesz = trace(w->trace, MAXTRACE);
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  panic("wp_install");
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+wp_remove(uint64 addr)
+{
+  for(struct watch *w = &tsan.points[0]; w < &tsan.points[NWATCH]; w++) {
+    if(w->addr == addr) {
+      w->addr = 0;
+      w->tracesz = 0;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  panic("remove");
+}
+
+static void
+printtrace(uint64 *t, int n)
+{
+  int i;
+  
+  for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    printf("%p\n", t[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+race(char *s, struct watch *w) {
+  uint64 t[MAXTRACE];
+  int n;
+  
+  n = trace(t, MAXTRACE);
+  printf("== race detected ==\n");
+  printf("backtrace for racing %s\n", s);
+  printtrace(t, n);
+  printf("backtrace for watchpoint:\n");
+  printtrace(w->trace, w->tracesz);
+  printf("==========\n");
+}
+
+// cycle counter
+static inline uint64
+r_cycle()
+{
+  uint64 x;
+  asm volatile("rdcycle %0" : "=r" (x) );
+  return x;
+}
+
+static void delay(void) __attribute__((noinline));
+static void delay() {
+  uint64 stop = r_cycle() + DELAY_CYCLES;
+  uint64 c = r_cycle();
+  while(c < stop) {
+    c = r_cycle();
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+kcsan_read(uint64 addr, int sz)
+{
+  struct watch *w;
+  
+  acquire(&tsan.lock);
+  if((w = wp_lookup(addr)) != 0) {
+    if(w->write) {
+      race("load", w);
+    }
+    release(&tsan.lock);
+    return;
+  }
+  release(&tsan.lock);
+}
+
+static void
+kcsan_write(uint64 addr, int sz)
+{
+  struct watch *w;
+  
+  acquire(&tsan.lock);
+  if((w = wp_lookup(addr)) != 0) {
+    race("store", w);
+    release(&tsan.lock);
+  }
+
+  // no watchpoint; try to install one
+  if(wp_install(addr, 1)) {
+
+    release(&tsan.lock);
+
+    // XXX maybe read value at addr before and after delay to catch
+    // races of unknown origins (e.g., device).
+
+    delay(); 
+
+    acquire(&tsan.lock);
+
+    wp_remove(addr);
+  }
+  release(&tsan.lock);
+}
+
+// tsan.on will only have effect with "make KCSAN=1"
+void
+kcsaninit(void)
+{
+  initlock(&tsan.lock, "tsan");
+  tsan.on = 1;
+  __sync_synchronize();
+}
+
+//
+// Calls inserted by compiler into kernel binary, except for this file.
+//
+
+void
+__tsan_init(void)
+{
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_read1(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  // kcsan_read(addr, 1);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_read2(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_read(addr, 2);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_read4(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_read(addr, 4);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_read8(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_read(addr, 8);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_read_range(uint64 addr, uint64 size)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_read(addr, size);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_write1(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  // kcsan_write(addr, 1);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_write2(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_write(addr, 2);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_write4(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_write(addr, 4);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_write8(uint64 addr)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_write(addr, 8);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_write_range(uint64 addr, uint64 size)
+{
+  if(!tsan.on)
+    return;
+  kcsan_write(addr, size);
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_atomic_thread_fence(int order)
+{
+  __sync_synchronize();
+}
+
+uint32
+__tsan_atomic32_load(uint *ptr, uint *val, int order)
+{
+  uint t;
+  __atomic_load(ptr, &t, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+  return t;
+}
+
+void
+__tsan_atomic32_store(uint *ptr, uint val, int order)
+{
+  __atomic_store(ptr, &val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+}
+
+// We don't use this
+void
+__tsan_func_entry(uint64 pc)
+{
+}
+
+// We don't use this
+void
+__tsan_func_exit(void)
+{
+}
+
+
diff --git a/kernel/main.c b/kernel/main.c
index f0d3171..48c9555 100644
--- a/kernel/main.c
+++ b/kernel/main.c
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ main()
 {
   if(cpuid() == 0){
     consoleinit();
+#if defined(LAB_LOCK)
+    statsinit();
+#endif
     printfinit();
     printf("\n");
     printf("xv6 kernel is booting\n");
@@ -28,11 +31,18 @@ main()
     iinit();         // inode table
     fileinit();      // file table
     virtio_disk_init(); // emulated hard disk
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+    pci_init();
+    sockinit();
+#endif    
     userinit();      // first user process
+#ifdef KCSAN
+    kcsaninit();
+#endif
     __sync_synchronize();
     started = 1;
   } else {
-    while(started == 0)
+    while(atomic_read4((int *) &started) == 0)
       ;
     __sync_synchronize();
     printf("hart %d starting\n", cpuid());
diff --git a/kernel/memlayout.h b/kernel/memlayout.h
index cac3cb1..74d2fd4 100644
--- a/kernel/memlayout.h
+++ b/kernel/memlayout.h
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@
 #define VIRTIO0 0x10001000
 #define VIRTIO0_IRQ 1
 
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+#define E1000_IRQ 33
+#endif
+
 // core local interruptor (CLINT), which contains the timer.
 #define CLINT 0x2000000L
 #define CLINT_MTIMECMP(hartid) (CLINT + 0x4000 + 8*(hartid))
@@ -34,8 +38,11 @@
 #define PLIC 0x0c000000L
 #define PLIC_PRIORITY (PLIC + 0x0)
 #define PLIC_PENDING (PLIC + 0x1000)
+#define PLIC_MENABLE(hart) (PLIC + 0x2000 + (hart)*0x100)
 #define PLIC_SENABLE(hart) (PLIC + 0x2080 + (hart)*0x100)
+#define PLIC_MPRIORITY(hart) (PLIC + 0x200000 + (hart)*0x2000)
 #define PLIC_SPRIORITY(hart) (PLIC + 0x201000 + (hart)*0x2000)
+#define PLIC_MCLAIM(hart) (PLIC + 0x200004 + (hart)*0x2000)
 #define PLIC_SCLAIM(hart) (PLIC + 0x201004 + (hart)*0x2000)
 
 // the kernel expects there to be RAM
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@
 
 // map kernel stacks beneath the trampoline,
 // each surrounded by invalid guard pages.
-#define KSTACK(p) (TRAMPOLINE - ((p)+1)* 2*PGSIZE)
+#define KSTACK(p) (TRAMPOLINE - (p)*2*PGSIZE - 3*PGSIZE)
 
 // User memory layout.
 // Address zero first:
@@ -59,6 +66,14 @@
 //   fixed-size stack
 //   expandable heap
 //   ...
+//   USYSCALL (shared with kernel)
 //   TRAPFRAME (p->trapframe, used by the trampoline)
 //   TRAMPOLINE (the same page as in the kernel)
 #define TRAPFRAME (TRAMPOLINE - PGSIZE)
+#ifdef LAB_PGTBL
+#define USYSCALL (TRAPFRAME - PGSIZE)
+
+struct usyscall {
+  int pid;  // Process ID
+};
+#endif
diff --git a/kernel/net.c b/kernel/net.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..137ea2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/net.c
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+//
+// networking protocol support (IP, UDP, ARP, etc.).
+//
+
+#include "types.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "memlayout.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "proc.h"
+#include "net.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+
+static uint32 local_ip = MAKE_IP_ADDR(10, 0, 2, 15); // qemu's idea of the guest IP
+static uint8 local_mac[ETHADDR_LEN] = { 0x52, 0x54, 0x00, 0x12, 0x34, 0x56 };
+static uint8 broadcast_mac[ETHADDR_LEN] = { 0xFF, 0XFF, 0XFF, 0XFF, 0XFF, 0XFF };
+
+// Strips data from the start of the buffer and returns a pointer to it.
+// Returns 0 if less than the full requested length is available.
+char *
+mbufpull(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len)
+{
+  char *tmp = m->head;
+  if (m->len < len)
+    return 0;
+  m->len -= len;
+  m->head += len;
+  return tmp;
+}
+
+// Prepends data to the beginning of the buffer and returns a pointer to it.
+char *
+mbufpush(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len)
+{
+  m->head -= len;
+  if (m->head < m->buf)
+    panic("mbufpush");
+  m->len += len;
+  return m->head;
+}
+
+// Appends data to the end of the buffer and returns a pointer to it.
+char *
+mbufput(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len)
+{
+  char *tmp = m->head + m->len;
+  m->len += len;
+  if (m->len > MBUF_SIZE)
+    panic("mbufput");
+  return tmp;
+}
+
+// Strips data from the end of the buffer and returns a pointer to it.
+// Returns 0 if less than the full requested length is available.
+char *
+mbuftrim(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len)
+{
+  if (len > m->len)
+    return 0;
+  m->len -= len;
+  return m->head + m->len;
+}
+
+// Allocates a packet buffer.
+struct mbuf *
+mbufalloc(unsigned int headroom)
+{
+  struct mbuf *m;
+ 
+  if (headroom > MBUF_SIZE)
+    return 0;
+  m = kalloc();
+  if (m == 0)
+    return 0;
+  m->next = 0;
+  m->head = (char *)m->buf + headroom;
+  m->len = 0;
+  memset(m->buf, 0, sizeof(m->buf));
+  return m;
+}
+
+// Frees a packet buffer.
+void
+mbuffree(struct mbuf *m)
+{
+  kfree(m);
+}
+
+// Pushes an mbuf to the end of the queue.
+void
+mbufq_pushtail(struct mbufq *q, struct mbuf *m)
+{
+  m->next = 0;
+  if (!q->head){
+    q->head = q->tail = m;
+    return;
+  }
+  q->tail->next = m;
+  q->tail = m;
+}
+
+// Pops an mbuf from the start of the queue.
+struct mbuf *
+mbufq_pophead(struct mbufq *q)
+{
+  struct mbuf *head = q->head;
+  if (!head)
+    return 0;
+  q->head = head->next;
+  return head;
+}
+
+// Returns one (nonzero) if the queue is empty.
+int
+mbufq_empty(struct mbufq *q)
+{
+  return q->head == 0;
+}
+
+// Intializes a queue of mbufs.
+void
+mbufq_init(struct mbufq *q)
+{
+  q->head = 0;
+}
+
+// This code is lifted from FreeBSD's ping.c, and is copyright by the Regents
+// of the University of California.
+static unsigned short
+in_cksum(const unsigned char *addr, int len)
+{
+  int nleft = len;
+  const unsigned short *w = (const unsigned short *)addr;
+  unsigned int sum = 0;
+  unsigned short answer = 0;
+
+  /*
+   * Our algorithm is simple, using a 32 bit accumulator (sum), we add
+   * sequential 16 bit words to it, and at the end, fold back all the
+   * carry bits from the top 16 bits into the lower 16 bits.
+   */
+  while (nleft > 1)  {
+    sum += *w++;
+    nleft -= 2;
+  }
+
+  /* mop up an odd byte, if necessary */
+  if (nleft == 1) {
+    *(unsigned char *)(&answer) = *(const unsigned char *)w;
+    sum += answer;
+  }
+
+  /* add back carry outs from top 16 bits to low 16 bits */
+  sum = (sum & 0xffff) + (sum >> 16);
+  sum += (sum >> 16);
+  /* guaranteed now that the lower 16 bits of sum are correct */
+
+  answer = ~sum; /* truncate to 16 bits */
+  return answer;
+}
+
+// sends an ethernet packet
+static void
+net_tx_eth(struct mbuf *m, uint16 ethtype)
+{
+  struct eth *ethhdr;
+
+  ethhdr = mbufpushhdr(m, *ethhdr);
+  memmove(ethhdr->shost, local_mac, ETHADDR_LEN);
+  // In a real networking stack, dhost would be set to the address discovered
+  // through ARP. Because we don't support enough of the ARP protocol, set it
+  // to broadcast instead.
+  memmove(ethhdr->dhost, broadcast_mac, ETHADDR_LEN);
+  ethhdr->type = htons(ethtype);
+  if (e1000_transmit(m)) {
+    mbuffree(m);
+  }
+}
+
+// sends an IP packet
+static void
+net_tx_ip(struct mbuf *m, uint8 proto, uint32 dip)
+{
+  struct ip *iphdr;
+
+  // push the IP header
+  iphdr = mbufpushhdr(m, *iphdr);
+  memset(iphdr, 0, sizeof(*iphdr));
+  iphdr->ip_vhl = (4 << 4) | (20 >> 2);
+  iphdr->ip_p = proto;
+  iphdr->ip_src = htonl(local_ip);
+  iphdr->ip_dst = htonl(dip);
+  iphdr->ip_len = htons(m->len);
+  iphdr->ip_ttl = 100;
+  iphdr->ip_sum = in_cksum((unsigned char *)iphdr, sizeof(*iphdr));
+
+  // now on to the ethernet layer
+  net_tx_eth(m, ETHTYPE_IP);
+}
+
+// sends a UDP packet
+void
+net_tx_udp(struct mbuf *m, uint32 dip,
+           uint16 sport, uint16 dport)
+{
+  struct udp *udphdr;
+
+  // put the UDP header
+  udphdr = mbufpushhdr(m, *udphdr);
+  udphdr->sport = htons(sport);
+  udphdr->dport = htons(dport);
+  udphdr->ulen = htons(m->len);
+  udphdr->sum = 0; // zero means no checksum is provided
+
+  // now on to the IP layer
+  net_tx_ip(m, IPPROTO_UDP, dip);
+}
+
+// sends an ARP packet
+static int
+net_tx_arp(uint16 op, uint8 dmac[ETHADDR_LEN], uint32 dip)
+{
+  struct mbuf *m;
+  struct arp *arphdr;
+
+  m = mbufalloc(MBUF_DEFAULT_HEADROOM);
+  if (!m)
+    return -1;
+
+  // generic part of ARP header
+  arphdr = mbufputhdr(m, *arphdr);
+  arphdr->hrd = htons(ARP_HRD_ETHER);
+  arphdr->pro = htons(ETHTYPE_IP);
+  arphdr->hln = ETHADDR_LEN;
+  arphdr->pln = sizeof(uint32);
+  arphdr->op = htons(op);
+
+  // ethernet + IP part of ARP header
+  memmove(arphdr->sha, local_mac, ETHADDR_LEN);
+  arphdr->sip = htonl(local_ip);
+  memmove(arphdr->tha, dmac, ETHADDR_LEN);
+  arphdr->tip = htonl(dip);
+
+  // header is ready, send the packet
+  net_tx_eth(m, ETHTYPE_ARP);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// receives an ARP packet
+static void
+net_rx_arp(struct mbuf *m)
+{
+  struct arp *arphdr;
+  uint8 smac[ETHADDR_LEN];
+  uint32 sip, tip;
+
+  arphdr = mbufpullhdr(m, *arphdr);
+  if (!arphdr)
+    goto done;
+
+  // validate the ARP header
+  if (ntohs(arphdr->hrd) != ARP_HRD_ETHER ||
+      ntohs(arphdr->pro) != ETHTYPE_IP ||
+      arphdr->hln != ETHADDR_LEN ||
+      arphdr->pln != sizeof(uint32)) {
+    goto done;
+  }
+
+  // only requests are supported so far
+  // check if our IP was solicited
+  tip = ntohl(arphdr->tip); // target IP address
+  if (ntohs(arphdr->op) != ARP_OP_REQUEST || tip != local_ip)
+    goto done;
+
+  // handle the ARP request
+  memmove(smac, arphdr->sha, ETHADDR_LEN); // sender's ethernet address
+  sip = ntohl(arphdr->sip); // sender's IP address (qemu's slirp)
+  net_tx_arp(ARP_OP_REPLY, smac, sip);
+
+done:
+  mbuffree(m);
+}
+
+// receives a UDP packet
+static void
+net_rx_udp(struct mbuf *m, uint16 len, struct ip *iphdr)
+{
+  struct udp *udphdr;
+  uint32 sip;
+  uint16 sport, dport;
+
+
+  udphdr = mbufpullhdr(m, *udphdr);
+  if (!udphdr)
+    goto fail;
+
+  // TODO: validate UDP checksum
+
+  // validate lengths reported in headers
+  if (ntohs(udphdr->ulen) != len)
+    goto fail;
+  len -= sizeof(*udphdr);
+  if (len > m->len)
+    goto fail;
+  // minimum packet size could be larger than the payload
+  mbuftrim(m, m->len - len);
+
+  // parse the necessary fields
+  sip = ntohl(iphdr->ip_src);
+  sport = ntohs(udphdr->sport);
+  dport = ntohs(udphdr->dport);
+  sockrecvudp(m, sip, dport, sport);
+  return;
+
+fail:
+  mbuffree(m);
+}
+
+// receives an IP packet
+static void
+net_rx_ip(struct mbuf *m)
+{
+  struct ip *iphdr;
+  uint16 len;
+
+  iphdr = mbufpullhdr(m, *iphdr);
+  if (!iphdr)
+	  goto fail;
+
+  // check IP version and header len
+  if (iphdr->ip_vhl != ((4 << 4) | (20 >> 2)))
+    goto fail;
+  // validate IP checksum
+  if (in_cksum((unsigned char *)iphdr, sizeof(*iphdr)))
+    goto fail;
+  // can't support fragmented IP packets
+  if (htons(iphdr->ip_off) != 0)
+    goto fail;
+  // is the packet addressed to us?
+  if (htonl(iphdr->ip_dst) != local_ip)
+    goto fail;
+  // can only support UDP
+  if (iphdr->ip_p != IPPROTO_UDP)
+    goto fail;
+
+  len = ntohs(iphdr->ip_len) - sizeof(*iphdr);
+  net_rx_udp(m, len, iphdr);
+  return;
+
+fail:
+  mbuffree(m);
+}
+
+// called by e1000 driver's interrupt handler to deliver a packet to the
+// networking stack
+void net_rx(struct mbuf *m)
+{
+  struct eth *ethhdr;
+  uint16 type;
+
+  ethhdr = mbufpullhdr(m, *ethhdr);
+  if (!ethhdr) {
+    mbuffree(m);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  type = ntohs(ethhdr->type);
+  if (type == ETHTYPE_IP)
+    net_rx_ip(m);
+  else if (type == ETHTYPE_ARP)
+    net_rx_arp(m);
+  else
+    mbuffree(m);
+}
diff --git a/kernel/net.h b/kernel/net.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e6fefe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/net.h
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//
+// packet buffer management
+//
+
+#define MBUF_SIZE              2048
+#define MBUF_DEFAULT_HEADROOM  128
+
+struct mbuf {
+  struct mbuf  *next; // the next mbuf in the chain
+  char         *head; // the current start position of the buffer
+  unsigned int len;   // the length of the buffer
+  char         buf[MBUF_SIZE]; // the backing store
+};
+
+char *mbufpull(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len);
+char *mbufpush(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len);
+char *mbufput(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len);
+char *mbuftrim(struct mbuf *m, unsigned int len);
+
+// The above functions manipulate the size and position of the buffer:
+//            <- push            <- trim
+//             -> pull            -> put
+// [-headroom-][------buffer------][-tailroom-]
+// |----------------MBUF_SIZE-----------------|
+//
+// These marcos automatically typecast and determine the size of header structs.
+// In most situations you should use these instead of the raw ops above.
+#define mbufpullhdr(mbuf, hdr) (typeof(hdr)*)mbufpull(mbuf, sizeof(hdr))
+#define mbufpushhdr(mbuf, hdr) (typeof(hdr)*)mbufpush(mbuf, sizeof(hdr))
+#define mbufputhdr(mbuf, hdr) (typeof(hdr)*)mbufput(mbuf, sizeof(hdr))
+#define mbuftrimhdr(mbuf, hdr) (typeof(hdr)*)mbuftrim(mbuf, sizeof(hdr))
+
+struct mbuf *mbufalloc(unsigned int headroom);
+void mbuffree(struct mbuf *m);
+
+struct mbufq {
+  struct mbuf *head;  // the first element in the queue
+  struct mbuf *tail;  // the last element in the queue
+};
+
+void mbufq_pushtail(struct mbufq *q, struct mbuf *m);
+struct mbuf *mbufq_pophead(struct mbufq *q);
+int mbufq_empty(struct mbufq *q);
+void mbufq_init(struct mbufq *q);
+
+
+//
+// endianness support
+//
+
+static inline uint16 bswaps(uint16 val)
+{
+  return (((val & 0x00ffU) << 8) |
+          ((val & 0xff00U) >> 8));
+}
+
+static inline uint32 bswapl(uint32 val)
+{
+  return (((val & 0x000000ffUL) << 24) |
+          ((val & 0x0000ff00UL) << 8) |
+          ((val & 0x00ff0000UL) >> 8) |
+          ((val & 0xff000000UL) >> 24));
+}
+
+// Use these macros to convert network bytes to the native byte order.
+// Note that Risc-V uses little endian while network order is big endian.
+#define ntohs bswaps
+#define ntohl bswapl
+#define htons bswaps
+#define htonl bswapl
+
+
+//
+// useful networking headers
+//
+
+#define ETHADDR_LEN 6
+
+// an Ethernet packet header (start of the packet).
+struct eth {
+  uint8  dhost[ETHADDR_LEN];
+  uint8  shost[ETHADDR_LEN];
+  uint16 type;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+#define ETHTYPE_IP  0x0800 // Internet protocol
+#define ETHTYPE_ARP 0x0806 // Address resolution protocol
+
+// an IP packet header (comes after an Ethernet header).
+struct ip {
+  uint8  ip_vhl; // version << 4 | header length >> 2
+  uint8  ip_tos; // type of service
+  uint16 ip_len; // total length
+  uint16 ip_id;  // identification
+  uint16 ip_off; // fragment offset field
+  uint8  ip_ttl; // time to live
+  uint8  ip_p;   // protocol
+  uint16 ip_sum; // checksum
+  uint32 ip_src, ip_dst;
+};
+
+#define IPPROTO_ICMP 1  // Control message protocol
+#define IPPROTO_TCP  6  // Transmission control protocol
+#define IPPROTO_UDP  17 // User datagram protocol
+
+#define MAKE_IP_ADDR(a, b, c, d)           \
+  (((uint32)a << 24) | ((uint32)b << 16) | \
+   ((uint32)c << 8) | (uint32)d)
+
+// a UDP packet header (comes after an IP header).
+struct udp {
+  uint16 sport; // source port
+  uint16 dport; // destination port
+  uint16 ulen;  // length, including udp header, not including IP header
+  uint16 sum;   // checksum
+};
+
+// an ARP packet (comes after an Ethernet header).
+struct arp {
+  uint16 hrd; // format of hardware address
+  uint16 pro; // format of protocol address
+  uint8  hln; // length of hardware address
+  uint8  pln; // length of protocol address
+  uint16 op;  // operation
+
+  char   sha[ETHADDR_LEN]; // sender hardware address
+  uint32 sip;              // sender IP address
+  char   tha[ETHADDR_LEN]; // target hardware address
+  uint32 tip;              // target IP address
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+#define ARP_HRD_ETHER 1 // Ethernet
+
+enum {
+  ARP_OP_REQUEST = 1, // requests hw addr given protocol addr
+  ARP_OP_REPLY = 2,   // replies a hw addr given protocol addr
+};
+
+// an DNS packet (comes after an UDP header).
+struct dns {
+  uint16 id;  // request ID
+
+  uint8 rd: 1;  // recursion desired
+  uint8 tc: 1;  // truncated
+  uint8 aa: 1;  // authoritive
+  uint8 opcode: 4; 
+  uint8 qr: 1;  // query/response
+  uint8 rcode: 4; // response code
+  uint8 cd: 1;  // checking disabled
+  uint8 ad: 1;  // authenticated data
+  uint8 z:  1;  
+  uint8 ra: 1;  // recursion available
+  
+  uint16 qdcount; // number of question entries
+  uint16 ancount; // number of resource records in answer section
+  uint16 nscount; // number of NS resource records in authority section
+  uint16 arcount; // number of resource records in additional records
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+struct dns_question {
+  uint16 qtype;
+  uint16 qclass;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+  
+#define ARECORD (0x0001)
+#define QCLASS  (0x0001)
+
+struct dns_data {
+  uint16 type;
+  uint16 class;
+  uint32 ttl;
+  uint16 len;
+} __attribute__((packed));
diff --git a/kernel/pci.c b/kernel/pci.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e361c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/pci.c
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//
+// simple PCI-Express initialization, only
+// works for qemu and its e1000 card.
+//
+
+#include "types.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "memlayout.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "proc.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+
+void
+pci_init()
+{
+  // we'll place the e1000 registers at this address.
+  // vm.c maps this range.
+  uint64 e1000_regs = 0x40000000L;
+
+  // qemu -machine virt puts PCIe config space here.
+  // vm.c maps this range.
+  uint32  *ecam = (uint32 *) 0x30000000L;
+  
+  // look at each possible PCI device on bus 0.
+  for(int dev = 0; dev < 32; dev++){
+    int bus = 0;
+    int func = 0;
+    int offset = 0;
+    uint32 off = (bus << 16) | (dev << 11) | (func << 8) | (offset);
+    volatile uint32 *base = ecam + off;
+    uint32 id = base[0];
+    
+    // 100e:8086 is an e1000
+    if(id == 0x100e8086){
+      // command and status register.
+      // bit 0 : I/O access enable
+      // bit 1 : memory access enable
+      // bit 2 : enable mastering
+      base[1] = 0b111;
+      __sync_synchronize();
+
+      for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++){
+        uint32 old = base[4+i];
+
+        // writing all 1's to the BAR causes it to be
+        // replaced with its size.
+        base[4+i] = 0xffffffff;
+        __sync_synchronize();
+
+        base[4+i] = old;
+      }
+
+      // tell the e1000 to reveal its registers at
+      // physical address 0x40000000.
+      base[4+0] = e1000_regs;
+
+      e1000_init((uint32*)e1000_regs);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/kernel/pipe.c b/kernel/pipe.c
index f6b501a..41a9c5e 100644
--- a/kernel/pipe.c
+++ b/kernel/pipe.c
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ pipeclose(struct pipe *pi, int writable)
   }
   if(pi->readopen == 0 && pi->writeopen == 0){
     release(&pi->lock);
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+    freelock(&pi->lock);
+#endif    
     kfree((char*)pi);
   } else
     release(&pi->lock);
diff --git a/kernel/plic.c b/kernel/plic.c
index 4175db9..5c9d96a 100644
--- a/kernel/plic.c
+++ b/kernel/plic.c
@@ -14,6 +14,13 @@ plicinit(void)
   // set desired IRQ priorities non-zero (otherwise disabled).
   *(uint32*)(PLIC + UART0_IRQ*4) = 1;
   *(uint32*)(PLIC + VIRTIO0_IRQ*4) = 1;
+  
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  // PCIE IRQs are 32 to 35
+  for(int irq = 1; irq < 0x35; irq++){
+    *(uint32*)(PLIC + irq*4) = 1;
+  }
+#endif  
 }
 
 void
@@ -25,6 +32,11 @@ plicinithart(void)
   // for the uart and virtio disk.
   *(uint32*)PLIC_SENABLE(hart) = (1 << UART0_IRQ) | (1 << VIRTIO0_IRQ);
 
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  // hack to get at next 32 IRQs for e1000
+  *(uint32*)(PLIC_SENABLE(hart)+4) = 0xffffffff;
+#endif
+  
   // set this hart's S-mode priority threshold to 0.
   *(uint32*)PLIC_SPRIORITY(hart) = 0;
 }
diff --git a/kernel/printf.c b/kernel/printf.c
index 1a50203..509c1c5 100644
--- a/kernel/printf.c
+++ b/kernel/printf.c
@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ panic(char *s)
   printf("panic: ");
   printf(s);
   printf("\n");
+  backtrace();
+
   panicked = 1; // freeze uart output from other CPUs
   for(;;)
     ;
@@ -133,3 +135,18 @@ printfinit(void)
   initlock(&pr.lock, "pr");
   pr.locking = 1;
 }
+
+void
+backtrace(void)
+{
+  uint64 fp = r_fp();
+  printf("backtrace:\n");
+  uint64 stackpg = PGROUNDDOWN(fp);
+  // Whereever fp points to should always live in the stack page
+  while(PGROUNDDOWN(fp) == stackpg){
+    // print the return addr (stored in fp-8)
+    printf("%p\n", *(uint64 *)(fp-8));
+    // load previous (upper stack) fp
+    fp = *(uint64 *)(fp-16);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/kernel/proc.c b/kernel/proc.c
index 58a8a0b..9a9bae9 100644
--- a/kernel/proc.c
+++ b/kernel/proc.c
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ proc_mapstacks(pagetable_t kpgtbl)
     if(pa == 0)
       panic("kalloc");
     uint64 va = KSTACK((int) (p - proc));
+  p->alarm_tickspassed = 0;
     kvmmap(kpgtbl, va, (uint64)pa, PGSIZE, PTE_R | PTE_W);
   }
 }
@@ -132,6 +133,25 @@ found:
     return 0;
   }
 
+  // Allocate a usyscall page and fill pid.
+  if((p->usyscall = (struct usyscall *)kalloc()) == 0){
+    freeproc(p);
+    release(&p->lock);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  p->usyscall->pid = p->pid;
+
+  // reset sigalarm props 
+  p->alarm_interval = 0;
+  p->alarm_handler = 0;
+  p->alarm_tickspassed = 0;
+  p->alarm_caninvoke = 1;
+  if((p->atpfm = (struct trapframe *)kalloc()) == 0){
+    freeproc(p);
+    release(&p->lock);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
   // An empty user page table.
   p->pagetable = proc_pagetable(p);
   if(p->pagetable == 0){
@@ -158,8 +178,18 @@ freeproc(struct proc *p)
   if(p->trapframe)
     kfree((void*)p->trapframe);
   p->trapframe = 0;
+  if(p->usyscall)
+    kfree((void*)p->usyscall);
+  p->usyscall = 0;
   if(p->pagetable)
     proc_freepagetable(p->pagetable, p->sz);
+  if(p->atpfm)
+    kfree((void*)p->atpfm);
+  p->atpfm = 0;
+  p->alarm_interval = 0;
+  p->alarm_handler = 0;
+  p->alarm_tickspassed = 0;
+  p->alarm_caninvoke = 1;
   p->pagetable = 0;
   p->sz = 0;
   p->pid = 0;
@@ -172,7 +202,7 @@ freeproc(struct proc *p)
 }
 
 // Create a user page table for a given process, with no user memory,
-// but with trampoline and trapframe pages.
+// but with trampoline, trapframe and usyscall pages.
 pagetable_t
 proc_pagetable(struct proc *p)
 {
@@ -202,6 +232,14 @@ proc_pagetable(struct proc *p)
     return 0;
   }
 
+  // map the usyscall page below the trapframe page, for
+  // ugetpid().
+  if(mappages(pagetable, USYSCALL, PGSIZE,
+              (uint64)(p->usyscall), PTE_R | PTE_U) < 0){
+    uvmunmap(pagetable, USYSCALL, 1, 0);
+    uvmfree(pagetable, 0);
+    return 0;
+  }
   return pagetable;
 }
 
@@ -212,6 +250,7 @@ proc_freepagetable(pagetable_t pagetable, uint64 sz)
 {
   uvmunmap(pagetable, TRAMPOLINE, 1, 0);
   uvmunmap(pagetable, TRAPFRAME, 1, 0);
+  uvmunmap(pagetable, USYSCALL, 1, 0);
   uvmfree(pagetable, sz);
 }
 
@@ -299,6 +338,9 @@ fork(void)
   // copy saved user registers.
   *(np->trapframe) = *(p->trapframe);
 
+  // inherit trace_mask
+  np->trace_mask = p->trace_mask;
+
   // Cause fork to return 0 in the child.
   np->trapframe->a0 = 0;
 
@@ -686,3 +728,43 @@ procdump(void)
     printf("\n");
   }
 }
+
+int
+get_nproc(void)
+{
+  int n = 0;
+  struct proc *p;
+
+  for(int i = 0; i < NPROC; i++) {
+    p = &proc[i];
+    acquire(&p->lock);
+    if(p->state != UNUSED)
+      n++;
+    release(&p->lock);
+  }
+
+  return n;
+}
+
+// lab pagetable: report which pages have been accessed (r/w)
+// according to PTE_A and store it in a bit mask (3rd param)
+int
+pgaccess(uint64 base, int len, uint64 mask_addr)
+{
+  struct proc *p = myproc();
+  pagetable_t pgtbl = p->pagetable;
+  pte_t *pte;
+  int mask = 0;
+  
+  // iterater thru pages
+  for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    pte = walk(pgtbl, base + i * PGSIZE, 0);
+    if(*pte & PTE_A) {
+      *pte &= (~PTE_A); // clear PTE_A to avoid setting it forever
+      mask |= (1L << i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // now copyout the mask to user memory
+  return copyout(pgtbl, mask_addr, (char *)&mask, sizeof(mask));
+}
diff --git a/kernel/proc.h b/kernel/proc.h
index d021857..a195b02 100644
--- a/kernel/proc.h
+++ b/kernel/proc.h
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ struct proc {
   int killed;                  // If non-zero, have been killed
   int xstate;                  // Exit status to be returned to parent's wait
   int pid;                     // Process ID
+  int trace_mask;              // SYS_trace mask (1 << SYS_xxx)
 
   // wait_lock must be held when using this:
   struct proc *parent;         // Parent process
@@ -100,8 +101,14 @@ struct proc {
   uint64 sz;                   // Size of process memory (bytes)
   pagetable_t pagetable;       // User page table
   struct trapframe *trapframe; // data page for trampoline.S
+  struct usyscall *usyscall;   // data page for usyscall
   struct context context;      // swtch() here to run process
   struct file *ofile[NOFILE];  // Open files
   struct inode *cwd;           // Current directory
   char name[16];               // Process name (debugging)
+  int alarm_interval;          // sigalarm syscall interval
+  uint64 alarm_handler;        // sigalarm syscall handler
+  int alarm_tickspassed;       // record how many ticks passed since last sigalarm handler call
+  int alarm_caninvoke;         // prevent re-entrant calls to handler
+  struct trapframe *atpfm;     // trapframe to resume after handling, must hold p->lock
 };
diff --git a/kernel/riscv.h b/kernel/riscv.h
index 20a01db..af18972 100644
--- a/kernel/riscv.h
+++ b/kernel/riscv.h
@@ -327,6 +327,15 @@ sfence_vma()
   asm volatile("sfence.vma zero, zero");
 }
 
+// read the frame pointer of currently executing func
+static inline uint64
+r_fp()
+{
+  uint64 x;
+  asm volatile("mv %0, s0" : "=r" (x) );
+  return x;
+}
+
 typedef uint64 pte_t;
 typedef uint64 *pagetable_t; // 512 PTEs
 
@@ -343,6 +352,11 @@ typedef uint64 *pagetable_t; // 512 PTEs
 #define PTE_W (1L << 2)
 #define PTE_X (1L << 3)
 #define PTE_U (1L << 4) // user can access
+#define PTE_A (1L << 6) // riscv access bit                      
+#define PTE_C (1L << 8) // RSW low bit, use it to mark whether a page is COW
+
+
+
 
 // shift a physical address to the right place for a PTE.
 #define PA2PTE(pa) ((((uint64)pa) >> 12) << 10)
diff --git a/kernel/spinlock.c b/kernel/spinlock.c
index 9840302..266a698 100644
--- a/kernel/spinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/spinlock.c
@@ -8,12 +8,52 @@
 #include "proc.h"
 #include "defs.h"
 
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+#define NLOCK 500
+
+static struct spinlock *locks[NLOCK];
+struct spinlock lock_locks;
+
+void
+freelock(struct spinlock *lk)
+{
+  acquire(&lock_locks);
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < NLOCK; i++) {
+    if(locks[i] == lk) {
+      locks[i] = 0;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  release(&lock_locks);
+}
+
+static void
+findslot(struct spinlock *lk) {
+  acquire(&lock_locks);
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < NLOCK; i++) {
+    if(locks[i] == 0) {
+      locks[i] = lk;
+      release(&lock_locks);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  panic("findslot");
+}
+#endif
+
 void
 initlock(struct spinlock *lk, char *name)
 {
   lk->name = name;
   lk->locked = 0;
   lk->cpu = 0;
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+  lk->nts = 0;
+  lk->n = 0;
+  findslot(lk);
+#endif  
 }
 
 // Acquire the lock.
@@ -25,12 +65,21 @@ acquire(struct spinlock *lk)
   if(holding(lk))
     panic("acquire");
 
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+    __sync_fetch_and_add(&(lk->n), 1);
+#endif      
+
   // On RISC-V, sync_lock_test_and_set turns into an atomic swap:
   //   a5 = 1
   //   s1 = &lk->locked
   //   amoswap.w.aq a5, a5, (s1)
-  while(__sync_lock_test_and_set(&lk->locked, 1) != 0)
-    ;
+  while(__sync_lock_test_and_set(&lk->locked, 1) != 0) {
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+    __sync_fetch_and_add(&(lk->nts), 1);
+#else
+   ;
+#endif
+  }
 
   // Tell the C compiler and the processor to not move loads or stores
   // past this point, to ensure that the critical section's memory
@@ -108,3 +157,61 @@ pop_off(void)
   if(c->noff == 0 && c->intena)
     intr_on();
 }
+
+// Read a shared 32-bit value without holding a lock
+int
+atomic_read4(int *addr) {
+  uint32 val;
+  __atomic_load(addr, &val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+  return val;
+}
+
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+int
+snprint_lock(char *buf, int sz, struct spinlock *lk)
+{
+  int n = 0;
+  if(lk->n > 0) {
+    n = snprintf(buf, sz, "lock: %s: #test-and-set %d #acquire() %d\n",
+                 lk->name, lk->nts, lk->n);
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+int
+statslock(char *buf, int sz) {
+  int n;
+  int tot = 0;
+
+  acquire(&lock_locks);
+  n = snprintf(buf, sz, "--- lock kmem/bcache stats\n");
+  for(int i = 0; i < NLOCK; i++) {
+    if(locks[i] == 0)
+      break;
+    if(strncmp(locks[i]->name, "bcache", strlen("bcache")) == 0 ||
+       strncmp(locks[i]->name, "kmem", strlen("kmem")) == 0) {
+      tot += locks[i]->nts;
+      n += snprint_lock(buf +n, sz-n, locks[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  n += snprintf(buf+n, sz-n, "--- top 5 contended locks:\n");
+  int last = 100000000;
+  // stupid way to compute top 5 contended locks
+  for(int t = 0; t < 5; t++) {
+    int top = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < NLOCK; i++) {
+      if(locks[i] == 0)
+        break;
+      if(locks[i]->nts > locks[top]->nts && locks[i]->nts < last) {
+        top = i;
+      }
+    }
+    n += snprint_lock(buf+n, sz-n, locks[top]);
+    last = locks[top]->nts;
+  }
+  n += snprintf(buf+n, sz-n, "tot= %d\n", tot);
+  release(&lock_locks);  
+  return n;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/kernel/spinlock.h b/kernel/spinlock.h
index 4392820..9bac216 100644
--- a/kernel/spinlock.h
+++ b/kernel/spinlock.h
@@ -5,5 +5,9 @@ struct spinlock {
   // For debugging:
   char *name;        // Name of lock.
   struct cpu *cpu;   // The cpu holding the lock.
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+  int nts;
+  int n;
+#endif
 };
 
diff --git a/kernel/sprintf.c b/kernel/sprintf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..050eb85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/sprintf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#include "types.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "sleeplock.h"
+#include "fs.h"
+#include "file.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+
+static char digits[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+static int
+sputc(char *s, char c)
+{
+  *s = c;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+sprintint(char *s, int xx, int base, int sign)
+{
+  char buf[16];
+  int i, n;
+  uint x;
+
+  if(sign && (sign = xx < 0))
+    x = -xx;
+  else
+    x = xx;
+
+  i = 0;
+  do {
+    buf[i++] = digits[x % base];
+  } while((x /= base) != 0);
+
+  if(sign)
+    buf[i++] = '-';
+
+  n = 0;
+  while(--i >= 0)
+    n += sputc(s+n, buf[i]);
+  return n;
+}
+
+int
+snprintf(char *buf, int sz, char *fmt, ...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  int i, c;
+  int off = 0;
+  char *s;
+
+  if (fmt == 0)
+    panic("null fmt");
+
+  va_start(ap, fmt);
+  for(i = 0; off < sz && (c = fmt[i] & 0xff) != 0; i++){
+    if(c != '%'){
+      off += sputc(buf+off, c);
+      continue;
+    }
+    c = fmt[++i] & 0xff;
+    if(c == 0)
+      break;
+    switch(c){
+    case 'd':
+      off += sprintint(buf+off, va_arg(ap, int), 10, 1);
+      break;
+    case 'x':
+      off += sprintint(buf+off, va_arg(ap, int), 16, 1);
+      break;
+    case 's':
+      if((s = va_arg(ap, char*)) == 0)
+        s = "(null)";
+      for(; *s && off < sz; s++)
+        off += sputc(buf+off, *s);
+      break;
+    case '%':
+      off += sputc(buf+off, '%');
+      break;
+    default:
+      // Print unknown % sequence to draw attention.
+      off += sputc(buf+off, '%');
+      off += sputc(buf+off, c);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return off;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/start.c b/kernel/start.c
index e16f18a..bf03bc0 100644
--- a/kernel/start.c
+++ b/kernel/start.c
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ start()
   w_mideleg(0xffff);
   w_sie(r_sie() | SIE_SEIE | SIE_STIE | SIE_SSIE);
 
+#ifdef KCSAN
+  // allow supervisor to read cycle counter register
+  w_mcounteren(r_mcounteren()|0x3);
+#endif
+  
   // configure Physical Memory Protection to give supervisor mode
   // access to all of physical memory.
   w_pmpaddr0(0x3fffffffffffffull);
diff --git a/kernel/stats.c b/kernel/stats.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7a8e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/stats.c
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#include "types.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "sleeplock.h"
+#include "fs.h"
+#include "file.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+
+#define BUFSZ 4096
+static struct {
+  struct spinlock lock;
+  char buf[BUFSZ];
+  int sz;
+  int off;
+} stats;
+
+int statscopyin(char*, int);
+int statslock(char*, int);
+  
+int
+statswrite(int user_src, uint64 src, int n)
+{
+  return -1;
+}
+
+int
+statsread(int user_dst, uint64 dst, int n)
+{
+  int m;
+
+  acquire(&stats.lock);
+
+  if(stats.sz == 0) {
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+    stats.sz = statslock(stats.buf, BUFSZ);
+#endif
+  }
+  m = stats.sz - stats.off;
+
+  if (m > 0) {
+    if(m > n)
+      m  = n;
+    if(either_copyout(user_dst, dst, stats.buf+stats.off, m) != -1) {
+      stats.off += m;
+    }
+  } else {
+    m = -1;
+    stats.sz = 0;
+    stats.off = 0;
+  }
+  release(&stats.lock);
+  return m;
+}
+
+void
+statsinit(void)
+{
+  initlock(&stats.lock, "stats");
+
+  devsw[STATS].read = statsread;
+  devsw[STATS].write = statswrite;
+}
+
diff --git a/kernel/syscall.c b/kernel/syscall.c
index ed65409..172c5ea 100644
--- a/kernel/syscall.c
+++ b/kernel/syscall.c
@@ -101,6 +101,24 @@ extern uint64 sys_unlink(void);
 extern uint64 sys_link(void);
 extern uint64 sys_mkdir(void);
 extern uint64 sys_close(void);
+extern uint64 sys_trace(void);
+extern uint64 sys_sysinfo(void);
+
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+extern uint64 sys_connect(void);
+#endif
+#ifdef LAB_PGTBL
+extern uint64 sys_pgaccess(void);
+#endif
+extern uint64 sys_sigalarm(void);
+extern uint64 sys_sigreturn(void);
+
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+extern uint64 sys_connect(void);
+#endif
+#ifdef LAB_PGTBL
+extern uint64 sys_pgaccess(void);
+#endif
 
 // An array mapping syscall numbers from syscall.h
 // to the function that handles the system call.
@@ -126,8 +144,54 @@ static uint64 (*syscalls[])(void) = {
 [SYS_link]    sys_link,
 [SYS_mkdir]   sys_mkdir,
 [SYS_close]   sys_close,
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+[SYS_connect] sys_connect,
+#endif
+#ifdef LAB_PGTBL
+[SYS_pgaccess] sys_pgaccess,
+#endif
+[SYS_trace]   sys_trace,
+[SYS_sysinfo] sys_sysinfo,
+[SYS_sigalarm] sys_sigalarm,
+[SYS_sigreturn] sys_sigreturn,
+};
+
+// syscall name maps for SYS_trace:
+static char *syscall_names[] = {
+[SYS_fork]    "fork",
+[SYS_exit]    "exit",
+[SYS_wait]    "wait",
+[SYS_pipe]    "pipe",
+[SYS_read]    "read",
+[SYS_kill]    "kill",
+[SYS_exec]    "exec",
+[SYS_fstat]   "fstat",
+[SYS_chdir]   "chdir",
+[SYS_dup]     "dup",
+[SYS_getpid]  "getpid",
+[SYS_sbrk]    "sbrk",
+[SYS_sleep]   "sleep",
+[SYS_uptime]  "uptime",
+[SYS_open]    "open",
+[SYS_write]   "write",
+[SYS_mknod]   "mknod",
+[SYS_unlink]  "unlink",
+[SYS_link]    "link",
+[SYS_mkdir]   "mkdir",
+[SYS_close]   "close",
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+[SYS_connect] "connect",
+#endif
+#ifdef LAB_PGTBL
+[SYS_pgaccess] "pgaccess",
+#endif
+[SYS_trace]   "trace",
+[SYS_sysinfo] "sysinfo",
+[SYS_sigalarm]  "sigalarm",
+[SYS_sigreturn] "sigreturn",
 };
 
+
 void
 syscall(void)
 {
@@ -139,9 +203,17 @@ syscall(void)
     // Use num to lookup the system call function for num, call it,
     // and store its return value in p->trapframe->a0
     p->trapframe->a0 = syscalls[num]();
+    
+    // SYS_trace: match all the syscalls which number < mask asked
+    // p->trace_mask == 1 << SYS_xxx
+    if(p->trace_mask >> num) {
+      printf("%d: syscall %s -> %d\n", p->pid, syscall_names[num], p->trapframe->a0);
+    }
+
   } else {
     printf("%d %s: unknown sys call %d\n",
             p->pid, p->name, num);
     p->trapframe->a0 = -1;
   }
 }
+
diff --git a/kernel/syscall.h b/kernel/syscall.h
index bc5f356..8da572e 100644
--- a/kernel/syscall.h
+++ b/kernel/syscall.h
@@ -20,3 +20,14 @@
 #define SYS_link   19
 #define SYS_mkdir  20
 #define SYS_close  21
+
+// System calls for labs
+#define SYS_trace     22
+#define SYS_sysinfo   23
+#define SYS_sigalarm  24
+#define SYS_sigreturn 25
+#define SYS_symlink   26
+#define SYS_mmap      27
+#define SYS_munmap    28
+#define SYS_connect   29
+#define SYS_pgaccess  30
diff --git a/kernel/sysfile.c b/kernel/sysfile.c
index 16b668c..4b2189a 100644
--- a/kernel/sysfile.c
+++ b/kernel/sysfile.c
@@ -503,3 +503,29 @@ sys_pipe(void)
   }
   return 0;
 }
+
+
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+int
+sys_connect(void)
+{
+  struct file *f;
+  int fd;
+  uint32 raddr;
+  uint32 rport;
+  uint32 lport;
+
+  argint(0, (int*)&raddr);
+  argint(1, (int*)&lport);
+  argint(2, (int*)&rport);
+
+  if(sockalloc(&f, raddr, lport, rport) < 0)
+    return -1;
+  if((fd=fdalloc(f)) < 0){
+    fileclose(f);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return fd;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/kernel/sysinfo.c b/kernel/sysinfo.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c66324d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/sysinfo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include "types.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+#include "sysinfo.h"
+#include "proc.h"
+
+// Get current system info
+// addr is a user virtual address, pointing to a struct sysinfo.
+int
+sys_info(uint64 addr) {
+  struct proc *p = myproc();
+  struct sysinfo info;
+
+  // Fill nums into the sysinfo struct
+  info.freemem = get_freemem();
+  info.nproc = get_nproc();
+
+  if(copyout(p->pagetable, addr, (char *)&info, sizeof(info)) < 0)
+    return -1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/kernel/sysinfo.h b/kernel/sysinfo.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb878e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/sysinfo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+struct sysinfo {
+  uint64 freemem;   // amount of free memory (bytes)
+  uint64 nproc;     // number of process
+};
diff --git a/kernel/sysnet.c b/kernel/sysnet.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c48cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/sysnet.c
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+//
+// network system calls.
+//
+
+#include "types.h"
+#include "param.h"
+#include "memlayout.h"
+#include "riscv.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "proc.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+#include "fs.h"
+#include "sleeplock.h"
+#include "file.h"
+#include "net.h"
+
+struct sock {
+  struct sock *next; // the next socket in the list
+  uint32 raddr;      // the remote IPv4 address
+  uint16 lport;      // the local UDP port number
+  uint16 rport;      // the remote UDP port number
+  struct spinlock lock; // protects the rxq
+  struct mbufq rxq;  // a queue of packets waiting to be received
+};
+
+static struct spinlock lock;
+static struct sock *sockets;
+
+void
+sockinit(void)
+{
+  initlock(&lock, "socktbl");
+}
+
+int
+sockalloc(struct file **f, uint32 raddr, uint16 lport, uint16 rport)
+{
+  struct sock *si, *pos;
+
+  si = 0;
+  *f = 0;
+  if ((*f = filealloc()) == 0)
+    goto bad;
+  if ((si = (struct sock*)kalloc()) == 0)
+    goto bad;
+
+  // initialize objects
+  si->raddr = raddr;
+  si->lport = lport;
+  si->rport = rport;
+  initlock(&si->lock, "sock");
+  mbufq_init(&si->rxq);
+  (*f)->type = FD_SOCK;
+  (*f)->readable = 1;
+  (*f)->writable = 1;
+  (*f)->sock = si;
+
+  // add to list of sockets
+  acquire(&lock);
+  pos = sockets;
+  while (pos) {
+    if (pos->raddr == raddr &&
+        pos->lport == lport &&
+	pos->rport == rport) {
+      release(&lock);
+      goto bad;
+    }
+    pos = pos->next;
+  }
+  si->next = sockets;
+  sockets = si;
+  release(&lock);
+  return 0;
+
+bad:
+  if (si)
+    kfree((char*)si);
+  if (*f)
+    fileclose(*f);
+  return -1;
+}
+
+void
+sockclose(struct sock *si)
+{
+  struct sock **pos;
+  struct mbuf *m;
+
+  // remove from list of sockets
+  acquire(&lock);
+  pos = &sockets;
+  while (*pos) {
+    if (*pos == si){
+      *pos = si->next;
+      break;
+    }
+    pos = &(*pos)->next;
+  }
+  release(&lock);
+
+  // free any pending mbufs
+  while (!mbufq_empty(&si->rxq)) {
+    m = mbufq_pophead(&si->rxq);
+    mbuffree(m);
+  }
+
+  kfree((char*)si);
+}
+
+int
+sockread(struct sock *si, uint64 addr, int n)
+{
+  struct proc *pr = myproc();
+  struct mbuf *m;
+  int len;
+
+  acquire(&si->lock);
+  while (mbufq_empty(&si->rxq) && !pr->killed) {
+    sleep(&si->rxq, &si->lock);
+  }
+  if (pr->killed) {
+    release(&si->lock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+  m = mbufq_pophead(&si->rxq);
+  release(&si->lock);
+
+  len = m->len;
+  if (len > n)
+    len = n;
+  if (copyout(pr->pagetable, addr, m->head, len) == -1) {
+    mbuffree(m);
+    return -1;
+  }
+  mbuffree(m);
+  return len;
+}
+
+int
+sockwrite(struct sock *si, uint64 addr, int n)
+{
+  struct proc *pr = myproc();
+  struct mbuf *m;
+
+  m = mbufalloc(MBUF_DEFAULT_HEADROOM);
+  if (!m)
+    return -1;
+
+  if (copyin(pr->pagetable, mbufput(m, n), addr, n) == -1) {
+    mbuffree(m);
+    return -1;
+  }
+  net_tx_udp(m, si->raddr, si->lport, si->rport);
+  return n;
+}
+
+// called by protocol handler layer to deliver UDP packets
+void
+sockrecvudp(struct mbuf *m, uint32 raddr, uint16 lport, uint16 rport)
+{
+  //
+  // Find the socket that handles this mbuf and deliver it, waking
+  // any sleeping reader. Free the mbuf if there are no sockets
+  // registered to handle it.
+  //
+  struct sock *si;
+
+  acquire(&lock);
+  si = sockets;
+  while (si) {
+    if (si->raddr == raddr && si->lport == lport && si->rport == rport)
+      goto found;
+    si = si->next;
+  }
+  release(&lock);
+  mbuffree(m);
+  return;
+
+found:
+  acquire(&si->lock);
+  mbufq_pushtail(&si->rxq, m);
+  wakeup(&si->rxq);
+  release(&si->lock);
+  release(&lock);
+}
diff --git a/kernel/sysproc.c b/kernel/sysproc.c
index 3b4d5bd..715a511 100644
--- a/kernel/sysproc.c
+++ b/kernel/sysproc.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "types.h"
 #include "riscv.h"
-#include "defs.h"
 #include "param.h"
+#include "defs.h"
 #include "memlayout.h"
 #include "spinlock.h"
 #include "proc.h"
@@ -54,9 +54,8 @@ sys_sleep(void)
   int n;
   uint ticks0;
 
+
   argint(0, &n);
-  if(n < 0)
-    n = 0;
   acquire(&tickslock);
   ticks0 = ticks;
   while(ticks - ticks0 < n){
@@ -66,10 +65,29 @@ sys_sleep(void)
     }
     sleep(&ticks, &tickslock);
   }
+
+  // backtrace();
+
   release(&tickslock);
   return 0;
 }
 
+
+#ifdef LAB_PGTBL
+int
+sys_pgaccess(void)
+{
+  uint64 base, mask;
+  int len;
+
+  
+  argaddr(0, &base);
+  argint(1, &len);
+  argaddr(2, &mask);
+  return pgaccess(base, len, mask);
+}
+#endif
+
 uint64
 sys_kill(void)
 {
@@ -91,3 +109,44 @@ sys_uptime(void)
   release(&tickslock);
   return xticks;
 }
+
+uint64
+sys_trace(void)
+{
+  argint(0, &myproc()->trace_mask);
+
+  return -(myproc()->trace_mask <= 1);
+}
+
+uint64
+sys_sysinfo(void)
+{
+  uint64 si; // user pointer to struct sysinfo
+
+  argaddr(0, &si);
+  return sys_info(si);
+}
+
+uint64
+sys_sigalarm(void)
+{
+  struct proc *p = myproc();
+  uint64 handler;
+
+  argint(0, &p->alarm_interval);
+  argaddr(1, &handler);
+  p->alarm_handler = handler;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+uint64 sys_sigreturn(void)
+{
+  struct proc *p = myproc();
+  // retore saved trapframe to resume
+  memmove(p->trapframe, p->atpfm, sizeof(struct trapframe));
+  p->alarm_tickspassed = 0;
+  p->alarm_caninvoke = 1;
+  // make sure return the original a0 in trapframe to pass test3
+  return p->trapframe->a0;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/trap.c b/kernel/trap.c
index 512c850..7cc69b1 100644
--- a/kernel/trap.c
+++ b/kernel/trap.c
@@ -6,6 +6,12 @@
 #include "proc.h"
 #include "defs.h"
 
+/*
+ * Always remember that RISC-V disables interrupts when it starts to take a trap,
+ * so there's no need to call intr_off() at the beginning of trap handling.
+ * Reference: xv6-riscv-book 4.5
+ */
+
 struct spinlock tickslock;
 uint ticks;
 
@@ -67,18 +73,41 @@ usertrap(void)
     syscall();
   } else if((which_dev = devintr()) != 0){
     // ok
+  } else if(r_scause() == 13 || r_scause() == 15){
+    // deal with page fault
+    uint64 va = r_stval();
+    if(cow_handler(p->pagetable, va) < 0)
+      goto err;
   } else {
+
+    
     printf("usertrap(): unexpected scause %p pid=%d\n", r_scause(), p->pid);
     printf("            sepc=%p stval=%p\n", r_sepc(), r_stval());
+  err:
+    printf("killing the process...\n");
     setkilled(p);
   }
 
   if(killed(p))
     exit(-1);
+  
 
-  // give up the CPU if this is a timer interrupt.
-  if(which_dev == 2)
+  if(which_dev == 2){
+    // timer interrupt
+    if(p->alarm_interval > 0 && p->alarm_caninvoke){
+      // record sigalarm
+      p->alarm_tickspassed++;
+      if(p->alarm_tickspassed == p->alarm_interval){
+        // store original trapframe in p->atpfm
+        memmove(p->atpfm, p->trapframe, sizeof(struct trapframe));
+        p->alarm_tickspassed = 0;
+        p->alarm_caninvoke = 0;
+        p->trapframe->epc = p->alarm_handler;
+      }
+    }
+    // give up the CPU.
     yield();
+  }
 
   usertrapret();
 }
@@ -190,7 +219,13 @@ devintr()
       uartintr();
     } else if(irq == VIRTIO0_IRQ){
       virtio_disk_intr();
-    } else if(irq){
+    }
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+    else if(irq == E1000_IRQ){
+      e1000_intr();
+    }
+#endif
+    else if(irq){
       printf("unexpected interrupt irq=%d\n", irq);
     }
 
diff --git a/kernel/virtio_disk.c b/kernel/virtio_disk.c
index ae6c164..dfca2bc 100644
--- a/kernel/virtio_disk.c
+++ b/kernel/virtio_disk.c
@@ -212,6 +212,28 @@ alloc3_desc(int *idx)
   return 0;
 }
 
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+//
+// check that there are at most NBUF distinct
+// struct buf's, which the lock lab requires.
+//
+static struct buf *xbufs[NBUF];
+static void
+checkbuf(struct buf *b)
+{
+  for(int i = 0; i < NBUF; i++){
+    if(xbufs[i] == b){
+      return;
+    }
+    if(xbufs[i] == 0){
+      xbufs[i] = b;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  panic("more than NBUF bufs");
+}
+#endif
+
 void
 virtio_disk_rw(struct buf *b, int write)
 {
@@ -219,6 +241,10 @@ virtio_disk_rw(struct buf *b, int write)
 
   acquire(&disk.vdisk_lock);
 
+#ifdef LAB_LOCK
+  checkbuf(b);
+#endif
+
   // the spec's Section 5.2 says that legacy block operations use
   // three descriptors: one for type/reserved/sector, one for the
   // data, one for a 1-byte status result.
diff --git a/kernel/vm.c b/kernel/vm.c
index 5c31e87..be7d042 100644
--- a/kernel/vm.c
+++ b/kernel/vm.c
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include "elf.h"
 #include "riscv.h"
 #include "defs.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include "proc.h"
 #include "fs.h"
 
 /*
@@ -30,6 +32,14 @@ kvmmake(void)
   // virtio mmio disk interface
   kvmmap(kpgtbl, VIRTIO0, VIRTIO0, PGSIZE, PTE_R | PTE_W);
 
+#ifdef LAB_NET
+  // PCI-E ECAM (configuration space), for pci.c
+  kvmmap(kpgtbl, 0x30000000L, 0x30000000L, 0x10000000, PTE_R | PTE_W);
+
+  // pci.c maps the e1000's registers here.
+  kvmmap(kpgtbl, 0x40000000L, 0x40000000L, 0x20000, PTE_R | PTE_W);
+#endif  
+
   // PLIC
   kvmmap(kpgtbl, PLIC, PLIC, 0x400000, PTE_R | PTE_W);
 
@@ -136,9 +146,8 @@ kvmmap(pagetable_t kpgtbl, uint64 va, uint64 pa, uint64 sz, int perm)
 }
 
 // Create PTEs for virtual addresses starting at va that refer to
-// physical addresses starting at pa.
-// va and size MUST be page-aligned.
-// Returns 0 on success, -1 if walk() couldn't
+// physical addresses starting at pa. va and size might not
+// be page-aligned. Returns 0 on success, -1 if walk() couldn't
 // allocate a needed page-table page.
 int
 mappages(pagetable_t pagetable, uint64 va, uint64 size, uint64 pa, int perm)
@@ -146,17 +155,11 @@ mappages(pagetable_t pagetable, uint64 va, uint64 size, uint64 pa, int perm)
   uint64 a, last;
   pte_t *pte;
 
-  if((va % PGSIZE) != 0)
-    panic("mappages: va not aligned");
-
-  if((size % PGSIZE) != 0)
-    panic("mappages: size not aligned");
-
   if(size == 0)
     panic("mappages: size");
   
-  a = va;
-  last = va + size - PGSIZE;
+  a = PGROUNDDOWN(va);
+  last = PGROUNDDOWN(va + size - 1);
   for(;;){
     if((pte = walk(pagetable, a, 1)) == 0)
       return -1;
@@ -186,8 +189,10 @@ uvmunmap(pagetable_t pagetable, uint64 va, uint64 npages, int do_free)
   for(a = va; a < va + npages*PGSIZE; a += PGSIZE){
     if((pte = walk(pagetable, a, 0)) == 0)
       panic("uvmunmap: walk");
-    if((*pte & PTE_V) == 0)
+    if((*pte & PTE_V) == 0) {
+      printf("va=%p pte=%p\n", a, *pte);
       panic("uvmunmap: not mapped");
+    }
     if(PTE_FLAGS(*pte) == PTE_V)
       panic("uvmunmap: not a leaf");
     if(do_free){
@@ -315,20 +320,26 @@ uvmcopy(pagetable_t old, pagetable_t new, uint64 sz)
   pte_t *pte;
   uint64 pa, i;
   uint flags;
-  char *mem;
+  // char *mem;
 
   for(i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE){
     if((pte = walk(old, i, 0)) == 0)
       panic("uvmcopy: pte should exist");
     if((*pte & PTE_V) == 0)
       panic("uvmcopy: page not present");
-    pa = PTE2PA(*pte);
-    flags = PTE_FLAGS(*pte);
+    // do not do the actual copy, just increase the refcnt and mark pages readonly COW
+    /*
     if((mem = kalloc()) == 0)
       goto err;
     memmove(mem, (char*)pa, PGSIZE);
-    if(mappages(new, i, PGSIZE, (uint64)mem, flags) != 0){
-      kfree(mem);
+    */
+    *pte &= ~PTE_W;
+    *pte |= PTE_C;
+    pa = PTE2PA(*pte);
+    refcnt_inc(pa);
+    flags = PTE_FLAGS(*pte);
+    if(mappages(new, i, PGSIZE, (uint64)pa, flags) != 0){
+      // kfree(mem);
       goto err;
     }
   }
@@ -359,17 +370,24 @@ int
 copyout(pagetable_t pagetable, uint64 dstva, char *src, uint64 len)
 {
   uint64 n, va0, pa0;
-  pte_t *pte;
+  // pte_t *pte;
 
   while(len > 0){
     va0 = PGROUNDDOWN(dstva);
-    if(va0 >= MAXVA)
+
+    if(cow_handler(pagetable, va0) < 0)
       return -1;
+    
+    /*
     pte = walk(pagetable, va0, 0);
     if(pte == 0 || (*pte & PTE_V) == 0 || (*pte & PTE_U) == 0 ||
        (*pte & PTE_W) == 0)
       return -1;
     pa0 = PTE2PA(*pte);
+    */
+    pa0 = walkaddr(pagetable, va0);
+    if(pa0 == 0)
+      return -1;
     n = PGSIZE - (dstva - va0);
     if(n > len)
       n = len;
@@ -389,7 +407,7 @@ int
 copyin(pagetable_t pagetable, char *dst, uint64 srcva, uint64 len)
 {
   uint64 n, va0, pa0;
-
+  
   while(len > 0){
     va0 = PGROUNDDOWN(srcva);
     pa0 = walkaddr(pagetable, va0);
@@ -449,3 +467,30 @@ copyinstr(pagetable_t pagetable, char *dst, uint64 srcva, uint64 max)
     return -1;
   }
 }
+
+static void
+walkprint(pagetable_t pgtbl, int level)
+{
+  for(int i = 0; i < 512; i++){
+    pte_t pte = pgtbl[i];
+    if(pte & PTE_V){
+      for(int j = 0; j < level; j++){
+        printf(" ..");
+      }
+      printf("%d: pte %p pa %p\n", i, pte, PTE2PA(pte));
+      if((pte & (PTE_R|PTE_W|PTE_X)) == 0){
+        // this PTE points to a lower-level page table.
+        walkprint((pagetable_t)PTE2PA(pte), level+1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Print the contents of a page table
+void
+vmprint(pagetable_t pgtbl)
+{
+  printf("page table %p\n", pgtbl);
+
+  walkprint(pgtbl, 1);
+}